Childhood Infections
Rubella anozivikanwawo sekuti 'Mishonga yeGermany,' sevanachiremba vekuGermany mumavambo ekuma1800 ndivo vakatanga kutanga vaona kuti chakanga chiri chirwere chakasiyana kubva kumasero.
Zvakatora mamwe makore zana kuti nyanzvi dzione kuti rubella yakakonzerwa nehutachiona, uye yakanga isina kusvika muna 1941 kuti yakanga isisambofungi sehutano hwemucheche. Izvozvo zvakaitika apo rubella yakabatanidzwa ne congenital rubella syndrome.
Rubella Symptoms
Kazhinji, rubella inokonzera zviratidzo zvishoma kwazvo muvana vakawanda.
Panenge mazuva gumi nemana (incubation period) mushure mekusunungurwa kune umwe munhu ane rubella, vana vasina zvirwere vanogona kukura maculopapular (maduku maduku) kupisa kunotanga pazviso zvavo uye zvinofambira mberi kusvika kumakumbo avo.
Kurwiswa kwe rubella kune zvimwe zviitiko zvinobatsira kusiyanisa kubva pakushisa kwemasero, kusanganisira kuti kuputika kunopisa, mavara haabatanidzi pamwechete sezvaanoita nemasera, uye vana ava kazhinji havana fever yakakwirira.
Rushino inotora mazuva anenge matatu uye inogona kuonekwa kana mwana wako achinetseka, kunyanya mushure mekushambidza kushambidza kana kushambidza.
Kunyange zvazvo rubella inongorangarirwa kunge inokonzera kupindira, ndeyo paunenge uine chirwere iwe unoparadzira, kuparadzira hutachiwana kuburikidza nemhepo inoputika uye zvinyorwa.
Kunze kwekumhanya, vana vanogona kukura lymphadenopathy (kuvhuvhuta glands) mumusoro nemutsipa.
Izvi zvingatanga kusvika kwevhiki isati yasvika uye kupera kwemavhiki akawanda.
Sezvo nehutachiona hwehutachiona hwakawanda, vanhu vakuru vane rubella vanogona kuva nezviratidzo zvakanyanya, kusanganisira pasi-gwara fever, malaise (kwete kunzwa zvakanaka), zviratidzo zvinotonhora, uye zviratidzo zvekubatana, kusanganisira arthralgia uye arthritis.
Rubella Complications
Kunyange zvazvo rubella inowanzova zvirwere zvakanyanya, hazviwanzokonzera zvinetso, kunyanya kuvanhu vakuru.
Rubella zvinetso zvinogona kusanganisira encephalitis inouraya upenyu, pasi peplatelet chiyero uye kukuvara kwevascular inotungamirira kuuropi, masimba, uye kushaya mafungiro, neuritis, uye orchitis. Kufanana nemasikisi, rubella inogonawo kuisa chinetso chinopisa panencephalitis.
Zvinosuruvarisa, zvinetso zveRubella hazviwanzoitiki apo mukadzi anotapukirwa asati ava nepamuviri, zvichiita kuti congenital rubella syndrome.
Sezvo chirwere chebruella chinogona kutapudza nhengo dzose dzomwana ari kusimukira, zvinetso zvinogona kusanganisira:
- fetal death
- kusununguka kusununguka
- matsi
- ziso dzemaziso (cataract, glaucoma, retinopathy, uye microphthalmia)
- chirwere chepfungwa (patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, pulmonic stenosis, nekuputika kwe aorta)
- intrauterine kukura kunonoka
- microcephaly
- kuora mwoyo kwepfungwa
- bone kuchinja
- chiropa uye spleen kukuvara
Vana vane congenital rubella syndrome vanowanzova pangozi yehuga hwemasikirini, autism, uye subacute panencephalitis inopfuurira.
Rubella Treatments
Hapana hutano hwakananga kana mushonga we rubella zvirwere.
Kune vacheche vakaberekwa ne congenital rubella syndrome, kurapwa kunoenderana nezvakaberekwa zviremera zvakaberekwa izvo mwana akaberekwa nazvo, uye zvinogona kusanganisira chirwere chetachiona uye kukanganisa kwemwoyo, uye kunzwa kunobatsira, nezvimwewo.
Rubella Outbreaks
Chimwe chekukura kukuru kwe rubella uye congenital rubella syndrome muUnited States chakabva muna 1964 kusvika muna 1965 uye chakaguma muna:
- 12.5 mamiriyoni eRubaella utachiona
- 2,084 matambudziko e encephalitis
- 60 kufa
- 2,100 neonatal kufa
- 11,250 mishonga yekurapa kana kubvisa pamuviri
- 20 000 vacheche vakaberekwa ne congenital rubella syndrome
Kubukira uku kwakanga kusingagumi kuUnited States. Yaiva denda rakanga ratanga kuEurope mugore rapfuura.
Sezvakatarisirwa, maitiro e rubella uye congenital rubella syndrome akakurumidza kuwira sokunge mushonga wokutanga wakabvumirwa muna 1969. Mushonga weRubella wakazobatanidzwa pamwe nemishonga yemakumbo uye masero muna 1971 apo chirongwa cheMMR chakatangwa.
Pakazosvika 1986, kwaingova nematambudziko makumi mashanu eRubella muUnited States.
Yakabatana nemasikiramu akabuda, pakanga paine huwandu hwerubella hunoputika muna 1990-91, zvichiita kuti pave nezviitiko zvinokwana 2 526 zve rubella uye 58 masero e congenital rubella syndrome.
Chirwere chinokonzera chirwere cheMMR uye kuwedzera kwehutachiona hutachiona hwakabatsira kuderedza zvirwere zve rubella zvakare.
Nepo isu tisingaoni kubuda kukuru, zvinokosha kuziva kuti rubella haisi zvachose yaenda:
- 2011 - 5 matambudziko eRubella uye 3 matambudziko ekuberekwa rubella syndrome
- 2012 - 9 matambudziko e rubella uye 3 matambudziko ekuberekwa rubella syndrome, kusanganisira mumwe mwana akafa
- 2013 - 9 matambudziko e rubella uye 1 matambudziko ekuberekwa rubella syndrome
Sezvimwe nezvimwe zvirwere zvinodzivirirwa, rubella uye congenital rubella syndrome zvakare matambudziko makuru pasi rose. World Health Organization inofungidzira kuti vanopfuura 100 000 vacheche vanoberekwa ne congenital rubella syndrome gore negore.
Rubella uye congenital rubella syndrome zvichiri matambudziko kune dzimwe nyika dzakabudirira zvakare. Dambudziko rose reRubella muJapan muna 2012 kusvika muna 2013 rakatungamirira kune zvingani 10 maitiro e congenital rubella syndrome.
Ikoko kwakambove nokuputika mukati:
- Netherlands - gore rinopera 2004 raRubella rakapisa 387 rubella zvikwata, 14 mawere ekuberekwa rubella syndrome, uye 2 kufa kwekufa. Uku kuputika mumusangano wechitendero chisingaverengeki wakapararira kuCanada.
- Kanada - gore ra2005 rukaputika mumusangano wezvitendero usina kuvharwa muOntario kwakatungamirira kumatambudziko anokwana 309 e rubella
- Rumania - ra2012 rubella kuputika kwakakonzera mazana makumi maviri emakumi maviri e rubella
- KuPoland - mwaka we2013 rubella kuputika kwakakonzera mazana emakumi maviri emakumi maviri e rubella, kunyanya kune varume vechidiki vechidiki, sevasikana vechidiki ndivo vanowanzoitirwa chirwere chinonzi rubella. Uku kuputika kuri kutungamirira kumashoko ekuwedzera ekuberekwa rubella syndrome.
- Italy - kubuda kwe rubella kwakaita kuti pave nekusimudzirwa kwepenital rubella syndrome mhosva muna 2008 (29 mhosva), 2009 (13 mhosva), uye 2012 (19 mhosva)
Kunyange zvazvo rubella chirwere chinodzivirirwa, zvirwere izvi zvinoramba zvichiitika pakati pevanhu vasingazivikanwi kana chirwere chiripo. Uye sezvatinoona kakawanda, izvi zvinogona kukonzera kuwedzera mumafa neonatal uye matambudziko e congenital rubella syndrome.
Zvaunoda Kuziva NezveRubella
Zvimwe zvinonakidza pamusoro pe rubella zvinosanganisira izvo:
- an ophthalmologist muAustralia muna 1941, Dr. Norman Gregg, akatanga kubatanidza utachiona hweRubella nehutachiwana hunokanganisa kuberekwa
- iyo nguva yokuputira rubella inogona kubva kubva pa12 kusvika kumazuva makumi maviri
- kusvika hafu yevanhu vane rubella vasina zviratidzo kana zvimwe zviratidzo zvinoratidzika, kunyange zvazvo vachigona kuparadzira kune vamwe
- vanhu vane rubella vanogona kukonzera hutachiona, uye vanopararira, kwemazuva manomwe zvisati zvaitika uye mushure mokunge kupera kunotanga
- mishonga inopikisa inogona kugadzirisa kana mumwe munhu ane rubella kana kuti ane muviri mushure mekudzivirira
- Rubella kuputika kwakaitika gore rimwe nerimwe, asi rine zvizhinji zvakakura kudarika makore matanhatu kusvika kune 9, izvo zvakaputsika nehuwandu hwekudzivirira zvirwere muUnited States, zvichiita kuti kubviswa kwe rubella muna 2004
- Vanaamai vanonzi rubella antibodies vanodzivirira kwemwedzi miviri, shoma shoma kudarika vanaamai vane masero anesimba
- mumwe mushonga weM MMR unoda kusvika 97 kusvika ku 98% kudzivirirwa kurwisa rubella
Kubviswa kwe rubella uye congenital rubella syndrome muUnited States kwave kuri kupora kukuru kubudirira. Asi rubella haina kubviswa zvachose.
Pakati pematanhatu matanhatu emubhedha we congenital rubella syndrome yakashuma pakati pegore ra2004 ne2011, zvikamu zvishanu zvezviitiko zvakabatanidza vanaamai vane pamuviri vakabatwa neRubella kunze kweUnited States.
Wana Dzidzo . Wana Vaccidzwa. Dzoka Kuputika.
Sources
CDC. Kubviswa kwe rubella uye congenital rubella syndrome-United States, 1969-2004. MMWR 2005; 54: 279-82
CDC. Epidemiology nekudzivirira kweHIV-Zvidziviriri Zvirwere. Bhuku Rakawomesa: Bhuku Rokunyora - 13th Edition (2015)
CDC. Nyaya Dzemhosva uye Kufa Kunobva Mujodzi Zvidzivirirwa Zvirwere, United States, 1950-2013.
Plotkin, Stanley, MD. Vaccines. Shanduro yechitanhatu. 2013.