Kana vana vakapa chirwere, vana vakawanda vanokurudzira zvirwere zvinogona kuvabatsira kudzivirira zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvehutachiona, zvakadai sehepatitis B, polio, uye maserosi, nezvimwewo, kana zvirwere zvebhakitiriya, kusanganisira tetanus, pertussis (inodonhodza), uye diphtheria, nezvimwewo.
Kunyange zvazvo pane nguva dzose mave nevamwe vanhu vave vachirwisana nemishonga, vanhu vazhinji vakafunga nezvemishonga seimwe yehukuru hwehutano hunobudirira hwezana remakore rechi20.
Nhoroondo yezvirwere
- Edward Jenner anoita zviongero muna 1796 zvakatungamirira mukusikwa kwechirwere chekutanga chepukanana makore mashomanana gare gare uye kunotsiva kushandurudza sekudzivirira kwechibhokisi
- Chirwere chemukoko chinonzi rabies chinosimbiswa naLouis Pasteur muna 1885
- Mishonga yekolera uye typhoid yakagadzirwa muna 1896 uye chirwere chepachirwere muna 1887
- Chirwere chekutanga chinonzi diphtheria chinowanikwa munenge muna 1913 kuburikidza nebasa raEmil Adolf Behring, William Hallock Park, nevamwe
- Mishonga yekutanga yose-cell pertussis inogadzirwa muna 1914, kunyange zvazvo zvichatora makumi emakumi emakore vasati vashandiswa zvikuru
- Chirwere chetetanus chinogadzirwa muna 1927
- 12 vana vanofa apo bhodhoro rinoshandiswa pakushandiswa kwemishonga ye diphtheria iyo isina kuchengetedza yakasvibiswa nemaabhakitiriya mumatambudziko eQueensland muna 1928
- Max Theiler anovhura chirwere chokutanga chefivha fever muna 1936
- iyo AAP inobvumidza kushandiswa kwemushonga we pertussis wakagadzirwa naPearl Kendrick uye Grace Eldering muna 1943
- Chirwere chekutanga chepfupa chinobvumirwa kushandiswa muU.S. muna 1945
- Mumwe munhu ane chirwere chinonzi diphtheria, tetanus, uye pertussis chinobatanidzwa mune imwe mushonga weDTP muna 1948
- Salk inactivated vaccine (IPV) inotangwa muna 1955
- Vanenge 200 vana vanobudirira chirwere cheporiyo muna 1955 kubva kune zvirwere zvakasvibiswa zveporiyo mune izvo zvinova kuzivikanwa seChitsinho Chiitiko
- Mushonga wemiviri wePabin uri mupenyu, wakagadzikana (OPV) unotsiva chirwere chePollio muna 1962
- Chirwere chekutanga chekuvhara masero chinorayirwa muna 1963 asi chakatsiviwa nehutachiona hwehutachiona hwakakonzera huwandu hwemigumisiro mishoma muna 1968
- Mushonga weMMR unowanikwa muna 1971, wakabatanidza zvirwere zvemasero, mavhinga (ane mvumo muna 1967), uye rubella (1969), uye aigara achipiwa apo vaduku vaiva nemwedzi gumi nemashanu
- Nguva dzose chirwere chinoputika nemuchomba chinopera muUnited States muna 1972
- Pneumovax , chirwere chekutanga chepneumococcal chinodzivirira vana nevakuru kubva kune mamwe marudzi eStreptococcus pneumoniae mabhakitiriya anogamuchirwa muna 1971 uye anopa vana vane ngozi zvikuru
- Yenyika yechitatu yechitatu yehutano yehutano inotaura kuti chibhokisi chinopedzwa muna 1979
- Menomune, chirwere chekutanga chemamenococcal chirairirwa muna 1981 uye chinokurudzirwa kuti vana vaduku vatarise kusvikira zvatsiviwa neMénactra
- Chirwere cheplasma-chinonzi hepatitis B chinobvumirwa muna 1981
- Chirwere Chekuvhara , chikamu chinokakavadzana nenyaya, mhepo muna 1982 uye ichiedza kusongedza chirwere cheDPT nechikuvadza kwehuropi zvachose, kuderedza mungozi yehosha yepartussis uye kubatsira kunotanga zvakawanda zvemazuva ano
- Hemophilus b capsular polysaccharide vaccine inobvumirwa muna 1985, asi nhamo haina kupa kudzivirira kwakanaka kwevana vaduku pamwedzi 18 kusvika ku24, avo vari pangozi yeHaemophilus influenzae Rudzi b b
- Chirwere chinonzi recombinant hepatitis B (Recombivax HB) chinogamuchirwa muna 1986 asi chinongorumbidzwa kushandiswa kune avo vari pangozi yekutapukirwa
- Mumwe mushonga weHepatitis B, Engerix-B, unogamuchirwa muna 1989
- Chekutanga Hemophilus b conjugate vaccine (PRP-D) inogamuchirwa muna 1988 kuti idzivirire kune Haemophilus influenzae rudzi rwechirwere muvana vose vane mwedzi gumi nemasere, asi muna 1990, inotsiviwa nemishonga mbiri yeHib conjugate (PRP-HbOC) uye PRP-OMP) inogona kupiwa kuvana vaduku semwedzi miviri yekare
- Chimwe chirwere cheMMR chinotanga kukurudzirwa muna 1989, asi chevana chete vanogara mumatare ane zvinyorwa zvishanu zvemasero. Chirongwa chechipiri chirongwa cheMMR chakanga chisina kushandiswa kwevana vose kusvikira muna 1994.
- Iyo Inorambidza Zvakaipa Zviitiko Zvokurondedzera (VAERS) inotangwa muna 1990
- Mishonga yeHepatitis B neHib inokurudzirwa kune vose vacheche muna 1991
- Mushonga weDTaP, unofanirwa kuva nemigumisiro shoma kudarika DTP inobvumirwa, uye muna 1997 inotsiva DTP kune zvese zvinodiwa, kunyange DTP isati yamboonekwa yakakonzera kukanganisa kana kuora kwehuropi, sezvakambotaurwa mu Vaccine Roulette
- IOO inotaura kuti chirwere cheporiyo chakabviswa kubva kuWestern Hemisphere muna 1994
- Chirwere chekudzivirira vana kurwisa nyama (Varivax) chinopihwa muna 1995
- VAQTA, mushonga wekutanga weHepatitis A unogamuchirwa neDFA muna 1996 nokuda kwevana vane makore maviri kana maviri asi asi inowanzopiwa vana vari pangozi yekuwana hepatitis A
- Salk inactivated chirwere cheporiyo (IPV) yakakurudzirwa zvakare kuvana uye inotsiva chirwere cheporiyo chirwere (OPV) muna 1996 nemhaka yehutachiwana hutachiwana hwekuvhara muviri hunokonzerwa nemararamiro (VAPP), kutanga nehuwandu hwemapurogiramu ekuvhara zvirongwa zvePV-OPV uye ndokuenda kune-IPV purogiramu muna 2000
- RotaShield, mushonga wokutanga weR rotavirus unobvumirwa muna 1998 asi munguva pfupi yakabviswa kubva pamusika muna 1999 mushure mekunge yabatanidzwa nehuwandu hwekugadziriswa, chimiro chekudzivirira kwemuviri
- LYMErix, chirwere chechirwere cheLyme, inobvumirwa muna 1998
- Dr. Andrew Wakefield akadhinda mushumo mune pepanhau Lancet achiedza kubatanidza MMR uye autism
- Thimerosal yakabviswa kubva muhuwandu hwemishonga muurongwa hwehutano hwehutano muna 1999 na2000
- Simba rekupedzisira rinonzi rakaparadzwa muUnited States muna 2000
- Prevnar, chirwere chitsva chepneumococcal chisingambove nechinokanganisa, chinopihwa muna 2000 uye chakawedzerwa kurongwa hwekudzivirira gore rinotevera
- LYMErix inobva pamusika nekuda kwekutengesa zvakakwana muna 2002
- Flumist, inorarama, intranasal vaccine, inogamuchirwa muna 2004
- Kubvira rubella inonzi yakabviswa muUnited States muna 2004
- Chirwere chinoputirwa nevana vose vane utano pakati pemwedzi 6 ne23 chakava chirevo chepamutemo che 2004-05 furo yegore.
- Kutanga muna 2004-05 chirwere chemvura, chirwere chinoputika chinotarisirwa kune vakadzi vanozove nepamuviri munguva yehututi, mune chero ipi zvayo, iyo yakasiyana nezvakataurwa kare kune chirwere chechirwere kana mukadzi achizove ari mberi kwekutanga kwetatu pamuviri panguva yemvura. Zvinosuruvarisa, kunyange zvazvo vari munharaunda yepamusoro-soro, inongova 13% chete yevakadzi vane pamuviri vakagamuchira chirwere chekurwisa chirwere muna 2003.
- Havrix, imwe chirwere cheHepatitis A, inogamuchirwa muna 2005 uye nguva inoratidza kuti zvirwere zvose zve hepatitis A zvinoderedzwa kusvika mwedzi 12.
- Menactra, chirwere chekudzivirira kune mamwe marudzi evanhu vane menococcal chiremera muna 2005 uye yakawedzerwa kurongwa hwekudzivirira muna 2006, richirumbidzwa kune vose vane makore 11 kusvika ku12 kana kana vapinda chikoro chesekondari
- Chirwere cheTdap (Boostrix kana Adacel) chinokurudzirwa vechidiki nevakura kuti vavadzivirire kubva pamaparisisiti muna 2006 uye kunotsiva chirwere chekare cheTd chakashanda zvakasiyana ne tetanus uye diphtheria
- RotaTeq, imwe chirwere cheR rotavirus, inobvumirwa muna 2006 uye yakawedzerwa kurongwa hwekudzivirira muna 2007
- Chirwere cheHepatitis A chinowedzerwa kurongwa hwehutano hwehutano muhutano muna 2006
- Gardasil, chirwere chekutanga cheVHV, chinogamuchirwa muna 2006
- Chirwere chechipiri chechipiri chekudya chekudzivirira chicken chinowedzerwa kurongwa hwekudzivirira muna 2007 kubatsira kudzivirira kupererwa kwezvirwere
- Mumwe mushonga weR rotavirus, RotaRix, unobvumirwa muna 2008
- Mumwe mushonga weKVV, Cervarix, unogamuchirwa muna 2009
- Mumwe mushonga we meningococcal, Menveo, unogamuchirwa muna 2010
- Shanduro itsva ye Prevnar, iyo inogona kugoverana nezvisungo 13 zvebhakitiriya repneumococcal, inogamuchirwa uye inotsiva yekare yekare (Prevnar 7) muna 2010
- Fluzone Intradermal uye Fluzone High-Dose ndiwo maitiro maviri matsva ekugadzirisa zvirwere zvekurwisa akazovapo muna 2011
- Mushonga unobatanidza unodzivirira paHaemophilus influenzae type b uye Neisseria meningitidis serogroups C uye Y yakagamuchirwa neDFA muna 2013. MenHibrix inokurudzirwa kune vana vari pangozi yepamusoro pekuita meningococcal disease.
- Zvirwere zvinokonzerwa neHyadvalval, izvo zvinochengetedza kurwisana nematambudziko mana e fluff, zvinowanikwa kune yegore ra2014 kusvika mumvura
- Trumenba, chirwere chekutanga chekudzivirira kurwisa serogroup B Meningococcal zvirwere zvinogamuchirwa neDFA (October 2014). Kare, Bexsero, chirongwa cheM MenB chinogamuchirwa kune dzimwe nyika, chakapiwa kune vamwe vekoroji panguva dzekuputika pasi pehurongwa hweDWA hwekuwedzerwa kwekutsvaga kwezvinhu zvekuongorora. Zvose zviri zviviri zvinokurudzirwa neAACIP kune avo vari pangozi yekuwedzera meningococcal serogroup B zvirwere.
- Gardasil 9 inogamuchirwa neRDA (December 2014) kuti idzivirire kune mamwe mashanu ma HPV.
Kuongororwa Vaccines
Mukuwedzera kune mishonga iyi mitsva, zvirwere zvitsva zvakasiyana-siyana zvinowanikwa mumakore zvakare, kusanganisira:
- Tetramune , kusanganiswa kweDTP neHib, 1993
- Comvax , kusanganiswa kweHib uye Hepatitis B, muna 1996
- Pediarix , kusanganiswa kweDTaP, IPV, uye chirwere cheHepatitis B muna 2004
- ProQuad , kusanganiswa kweMMR uye Varivax, muna 2006
- Pentacel , kusanganiswa kweDTaP, IPV, uye Hib, muna 2008
- Kinrix , kusanganiswa kweDTaP uye IPV, muna 2008
Kunyange zvazvo vasingashandisi nhamba yezvirwere vana venyu vanowana, zvirwere zvinosanganisa zvinogona kuderedza nhamba yezvishongo zvaanowana panguva imwe neimwe. Somuenzaniso, panzvimbo yeDTaP mitatu yakasiyana, IPV, uye Hib shots pamakumbo ake maviri, mana, uye mwedzi mitanhatu akashanyira vana, mwana wako anogona kuwana Pentacel imwechete paya nguva imwe neimwe.
Immunization Schedule History
Nzira yemazuva ano yehutachiona hwehutano, iyo inobudiswa gore roga roga neKomiti Yemazano Pamabasa Okudzivirira (ACIP), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), uye American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), yakatanga kubudiswa mu 1995. Panguva iyoyo, vakarayira zvirwere zvaisanganisira hepatitis B, DTP, kunyange zvazvo DTaP yaive yakawanika yeosterster misi pamwedzi 15 kusvika 18 uye makore 4 kusvika ku6, Td, OPV (chirwere chinonzi oral poliovirus), uye MMR.
Pasati gore ra1995, ACIP yakabudisa zvirongwa zvekuvhara mishonga apo chero mazano matsva akaitwa akachinja purogiramu, yakadai seyakaitika:
- 1994 - zvirwere zveHib uye hepatitis B zvakakurudzirwa kune vose vacheche uye boster MMR yevana vose
- 1989 - Mushonga weHib hwakakurudzirwa kuvana vaduku vose pamwedzi gumi nemasere ekusimudzira uye kukurudzira MMR yakakurudzirwa kune vaduku vaduku
- 1983 - mune purogiramu ino, vana vane DTP (5 madhawi), OPV (4 madhii), MMR (1 dose), uye Td
Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vabereki vanoda kuda kudzokera kumapurogiramu aya epakutanga apo vana vane zvirwere zvishomanana, zvakakosha kuyeuka imwe chikamu chenhoroondo, sezvo iyi yakanga iri nguva iyo, gore negore, vanhu (kunyanya vana) vachiri kuwana:
- Pneumonia, meningitis, uye zvirwere zveropa kubva kuStreptococcus pneumoniae mabhakitiriya - mamiriyoni 63067 uye kufa kwevasikana 6500
- Meningitis, epiglottitis, uye zvimwe zvirwere zvakakomba kubva kuHaemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) mabhakitiriya - 20 000 mhosva uye 1 000 vakafa
- Meningococcemia uye meningococcal meningitis
- Hepatitis A - nhamba 117,333, 6863 hospitalizations, uye 137 kufa
- Hepatitis B - 66, 232 mhosva, 7 340 hospitalizations, uye 237 kufa
- Rotavirus gastroenteritis - mamiriyoni matatu emhosva, 70 hospitalizations, uye kufa kusvika 20 kusvika ku60
- Chickenpox - mamiriyoni anopfuura mamiriyoni mana, 10 000 hospital hospitzations, uye 100 vakafa
- Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzeHIVV dzinogona kukonzera chirwere chemukondombera
Uye sezvo zvirwere zvakatangwa kune izvi uye zvimwe zvirwere-zvinodzivirirwa zvingadzivirirwa, matambudziko akawanda akawanda akaderera 99 kusvika kuzana muzana.
Sezvakawanda uye zvakawedzerwa kuvimbisa vabereki nezvekuchengetedzwa kwemakemikari, kusanganisira kuti kuedza kubatanidza autism uye zvirwere zvisingabvumirwi uye kusvibiswa kwakabviswa pamishonga yose muhutano hwehutano hwemucheche, zvingava zvakashata kubvumira kupora kuregerera uye zvirwere izvi zvinodzoka.
> Sources:
> Yenguva: Maitiro uye Maitiro eZvepabonde Zvirwere Zvinopindirana Revised Reprint, 3rd ed. - 2009.
> American Academy yePediatrics Committee Report: American Pediatrics: Zviitiko zveMillennium. Pediatrics, Jun 2001; 107: 1482 - 1491.
> Shapiro-Shapin CG. Pearl Kendrick, Grace Eldering, uye chirwere chinonzi pertussis. Emerg Infect Dis. Bhuku 16, Nhamba 8-August 2010.
> Mandell: Mandell, Douglas, uye Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 7th ed.
> Poliomyelitis Kudzivirira muUnited States. Yakavandudzwa Mazano eKomiti Yemazano pamusoro Pemaitiro Okudzivirira (ACIP). MMWR. May 19, 2000/49 (RR05); 1-22.
> Haemophilus b Mushonga weKujugate weKuchengetedzwa kweHaemophilus > Fluenzae > Rudzi rwezvirwere pakati pevana nevana Vana Mwedzi Miviri Yezera uye Zera Rakakurudzirwa neAACIP. MMWR. January 11, 1991/40 (RR01); 1-7
> Kubudirira muHuzhinji Hwehutano, 1900-1999 Kushandiswa Kwemakemikari Yenyika Yose Yakakurudzirwa Vana - > United > States, 1990-1998. MMWR. April 02, 1999/48 (12); 243-248
> Roush SW. Nhoroondo yekufananidzira kwekufa uye kufa kwezvirwere zvinodzivirirwa muUnited States. JAMA. 14-NOV-2007; 298 (18): 2155-63
> Evan J. Anderson. Migumisiro yeRotavirus Vaccination paIpatara-Yakagadzirirwa Rotavirus Gastroenteritis muvana. Pediatrics 2011; 127: e264-e270.