Iwe Unofanirwa Kuchengeta, Uyewo: Chii icho PISA, NAEP uye Economists Vari Kutaura
Yakanga iri nzira yose zvakare muna 1983 apo mushumo wehurumende unonzi "Rudzi Rune Ngozi" wakanyevera kuti zvikoro zvehurumende zveUnited States zvakange zvichiwira shure kune dzimwe nyika uye kuti izvi zvinotungamirira kumatambudziko ehupfumi mune ramangwana. Mharidzo iyi yakashamisika vaiti vemazano pamatunhu ose. Mutungamiri panguva iyoyo, Ronald Reagan, akashandura nzvimbo yake pamusoro pekukosha kwekuva nedhipatimendi rehurumende rekudzidzisa. Akavimbisa kutanga kutanga dzidzo dzekudzidzira dzaizodzoka kuUnited States kuisa nzvimbo dzepamusoro mune dzidzo yepasi rose.
Mutungamiriri wega wega kubvira Reagan akaitawo chivimbiso chakafanana. IU.S. yakaona Clinton's "Strings Five", Bush's "Hakuna Mwana Akasiyiwa", uye Obama "Race To The Top."
Kunyange zvakadaro US inoramba ichibata mavhareji maitiro kuZvitsva zvekuongorora nyika (zvimwe tsanangudzo pasi apa.) Sangano reUnited States rinowanikwa sei munyika yose? Icho ichi chiyero chakanaka here? Unoedza kuongorora zvikwereti zvinoratidza kukura kwehupfumi mune ramangwana here?
Chii chinonzi PISA uye Chinorevei Nezve US?
PISA inomiririra Purogiramu yeKubvunzurudzwa Kwevadzidzi Pasi Rose. Iko kuongororwa kunopiwa mukutora nhengo dzenhengo dzenhengo yeChechi yeUnited Economic Collaboration and Development (OECD.) Nyika dzinofanira kusarudza-kupinda kuti dziongorore.
PISA kuongororwa inopiwa makore ose matatu kusvika kune dzimwe nyika dzakasarudzwa munyika dzakabatanidzwa. Muedzo unosanganisira unyanzvi hwokuverenga, unyanzvi hwemasvomhu, uye unyanzvi hwekuverenga nekunyora pakati pemakore gumi nemashanu. Chiyero chakagadzirirwa kuratidza kuti vadzidzi vakanyatsotarisana nekuguma kwe dzidzo yakamanikidzwa vachakwanisa sei kushandisa unyanzvi hwavo hwakadzidza kuhupenyu hwehupenyu huripo.
Mhedziso yekupedzisira yekuedza yakave yakabudiswa kubva muna 2012. Panguva iyoyo, US inotarisa 17 kubva kune 34 pakuverenga, 27 kubva kune 34 mumatunhu, uye makumi maviri kubva kune makumi matatu mumasayenzi. Izvi zvinowedzera chikoro chechikoro cheUnited States sechepakati pehutano hwekuverenga uye yesayenzi, uye pasi pevhareji yemasvomhu.
IUnited States yakabatanidzwa muna 2015 PISA. Migumisiro inobva kuPISA ichabudiswa kutanga kweDisemba 2016.
Zvinorevei Izvi Zvinoreva Vabereki
Kunyange zvazvo nyika yose data ichiratidza nzvimbo dzekubudirira kwekudzidzisa uye nzvimbo umo kunatsiridza kunoda, vanhu vomunharaunda-kunyanya isu vabereki- tinoda kubatanidzwa mukugadzirisa kwekuvandudzwa kuti kubudirire.
Dhiyabhorosi uye tsvakurudzo zvingatiudza izvo vana vedu vanoda kuvandudza, asi vadzidzisi vomunharaunda uye vabereki vanowanzova nani pakusarudza kuti kuvandudzika kunogona kuitika sei. Tinonzwisisa vana vedu uye tinoziva kuti vanodzidza sei.
Tinogona kutora chikamu nokubatana nePTA / PTO , mahofisi emapazi epachikoro , chikoro chemakomiti , uye kuvhota mumasarudzo emunharaunda .
Isuwo tinoshandisa simba rakakura pakubudirira kwevana vedu kuchikoro. Vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti kana tine tarisiro yakakwirira yevana vedu kuchikoro , vanoita zviri nani kuchikoro.
Chii Inonzi Economists uye Policy Makers Say Nekukosha KweSchool School Rankings?
Vakawanda vezvematongerwo enyika nevanoita mitemo vanotenda kuti hutano hwechikoro ndechimwe chinhu chikuru mukugadzirisa hutano hwevanhu vorudzi rwevanhu. Mune mamwe mazwi, nyika dzine hupamhi hwepamusoro dzePISA dzakawanda dzine vashandi vanodzidziswa zviri nani vanozosimudzira hupfumi hukuru nekubudirira mumarudzi avo.
Mamwe marudzi ari vateereri vepamusoro paPISA, kusanganisira China, Singapore, neJapan uyewo vane hutano hwakasimba mune zvehupfumi. Kunyange zvakadaro, havasi vose vanogutsikana kuti high PISA nheyo dzinobata hupfumi hwenyika. Vatsananguri veiyi pfungwa, vakadai saDiane Ravitch, Purofesa weZvondo kuNew York University, vanotaura nhepfenyuro shoma yekuenzanisa dhiyabhorosi data pakati pemarudzi. IU.S. yave iine chiyero, pakati pepakati pezinga rekuongorora pamarudzi ose ekudzoka kunodzokera kuma1960. Kunyange zvakadaro, iU.S. yakaramba iine simba rakasimba rezvehupfumi kusvika munguva dzemazuva ano.
Kune humwe hutsva hutsva hwekutsvaga hunoverenga avo vanozvidzivirira. Stanford University economists vakaongorora dhepfenyuro kubva muna 1960 kusvika muna 2000 vachifananidza kuti unyanzvi hwekuziva hunoenderana sei nekukura kwehupfumi. Vakaziva kuti unyanzvi hwekuziva (sezvakaenzaniswa neHPISA) hwevadzidzi vemunyika hunoita kuti nyika irambe ichine hupfumi hwehupfumi.
VeStanford economists vakaona kuti ihwo huri hutano hwakagadziriswa nevadzidzi izvo chaizvoizvo zvakakosha pakuwedzera kwehupfumi. Haisi kungova nguva yenguva yekuchikoro iyo inokosha, ndeyekuti vadzidzi vanodzidza sei pavari kuchikoro. Vakatorawo kuti dzimwe nheyo dzenyika dzakadai sekusununguka kwekutengeserana nemitemo yekudzidzira zvinhu zvakakonzera kukura kwehupfumi.
Izvo zvakaguma zveStanford economists zvinoratidza ndezvokuti kunyange zvazvo veUnited States vangave vachiri mutungamiri wezvehupfumi nhasi, tinogona kuisa kune dzimwe nyika dzine POWER dzakasimba zvidzidzo uye mazano ehupfumi anoshanda. Izvo zvinenge zvichitora kuitira kuti mwana wechikoro asongane nevashandi vanoita nguva yekucherechedza migumisiro iyo hutano hwehutungamiri huri pane hupfumi.
Nei Izvi Zvine Basa Kuvabereki?
Kutsvakurudza kwezvehupfumi kunoratidza kuti hutano hwedzo dzidzo vana vedu vanowana nhasi huchachinja hupfumi hwemangwana uye vana vedu vanoita hupenyu hwehupenyu. Kupa vana vedu nedzidzo yepamusoro-soro ndeimwe yezvikonzero zvekuti vave vashandi vepasi rose nevatungamiri munguva yavo. Ichatarisawo hurumende yehupfumi hwenyika munguva yedu yekurega basa.
Ndeapi Iko Maoko Ezvino Maitiro Okuvandudza PISA Yedu?
Chero hupi huri kuchinja kwekudzidzisa hunodiwa mukuvandudza hutano hwehudzidzo vana vekuAmerica vanogashira vanofanirwawo kubatsira kuvandudza kushandurwa Yeuka, PISA yakagadzirirwa kuedza inoshanda, inyanzvi-nyika inowanikwa pakuverenga, masvomhu, uye nesayenzi.
IU.S. inotarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana maererano nehudzidzo hwekudzidzisa. Chikoro chedu chechikoro chakatanga nezvikoro, zvekuvakidzana. Vabereki uye nhengo dzemunharaunda dzakauya pamwe ndokusarudza kuva nechikoro. Zvose zvisarudzo pamusoro pechikoro zvakatangwa pakutanga munharaunda yepamunharaunda, kusanganisira ndiani aizodzidzisa, chii chaizodzidziswa, aigona kupinda, chikoro chechikoro mazuva uye nezvimwe. Iyi nzira yakaita kuti zvikoro zvidzidzise kune zvaidiwa munzvimbo. Mharaunda, zvikoro zvinoshandiswa nemubereki chikamu chenhaka yedu yenyika.
Uku kusimbiswa kwemunharaunda kunokonzera kumwe - zvikamu zvakasiyana uye zvikoro zvechikoro zvakasiyana zvakasiyana-siyana mumakadzidzidzi akadzidziswa kuvadzidzi. Kunetseka pamusoro pehutano hwenyika yedu kune humwe huongorori, Kuongorora Kwenyika Yekufambira Mberi (NAEP) kunobudiswa makore ose maviri mumakadhi 4-8 kuenzanisa hutano hwekudzidzisa pakati pehurumende. Chinangwa chacho ndechekuti zviitiko zveEEP zvinogona kubatsira kupa nhaurirano kune vese vanoita zvematongerwo enyika.
Apa ndipo panotaura kuti nyika yako inotaridzika yeruzhinji inowanikwa. Pu chete, zviitiko zve NAEP zvakaratidza kuti dzimwe nyika (saMassachusetts) dzinogara dzichibudirira apo dzimwe nyika (saMisissipi) dzinogara dzichiisa pasi. Ikokuita kwepamusoro ye NAEP inosanganisirawo kukwikwidzana kwePISA zvidzidzo, asi iyo inonyanya kuita NAEP nyika haina.
Izvi zvakatungamirira kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugadzirisa dzidzo mumakumi mashoma emakore apfuura. Parizvino, ichi ndicho chimwe chikonzero chinotyaira Common Core State Standards (CCSS). ICCSS ndeyekuedza kuita kuti hurumende imwe neimwe idzidzise unyanzvi hwakakwikwidzana hwakadzidziswa munzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro. Kunyange zvazvo nyika isingatenderwi kushandisa kana kugamuchira CCSS zvakananga, kushandurwa kwezvino kune Elementary uye Secondary School Ac t inoda nyika kuti iite mitemo yakashata seCCSS.
CCSS mitemo inovhara kuverenga, kunyora uye masvomhu - kwete sayenzi. Kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana ehutano hwekudzidzisa masayenzi huri kuUnited States ikozvino.
Chimwe chisikwa nekugadziriswa kweWorld Generation Science Standards . Iyi mitemo yakagadzirirwa kuwirirana neCCSS. Iyi mitemo inomiririra kufungisisa uye kuongorora, panzvimbo pokutora musoro. Kukwanisa kugadzirisa matambudziko matsva ndiko unyanzvi hunobatsira munyika yanhasi inoshanduka nokukurumidza nekuyeuka deta.
Kusimbiswa kune STEM (sayenzi, teknolojia, unyanzvi uye mathemati) ruzivo uye nguva yakawedzerwa panguva yechikoro iri kushandiswa pazvesayenzi uye mathemusi ndeimwe shanduko yezvidzidzo inokurudzirwa nekutarisa mberi kwehupfumi hwehupfumi.
Nzvimbo dzakasiyana nedzimwe nzvimbo dzekuchikoro dziriko dziri kuedzawo kutsvaga nzira dzekuwedzera kudzidza kwevadzidzi, kuitira kuti mwana wose muSouth America awane ruzivo rwehupfumi hwepamusoro huchavagadzirira munguva yemberi.
> Sources:
> Eric A. Hanushek, Dean T. Jamison, Eliot A. Jamison naLudger Woessmann. "Dzidzo neHurumende Kukura - Dzidzo Inotevera." Dzidzo Inotevera . Hoover Institution, Leland Stanford Junior University, Mar.-Mar. 2008. Web. 07 Nov. 2016.
> "PISA - OECD." PISA - OECD . Sangano reKubatanidzwa kweEkodzero neKuchengetedza, neWebhu. 07 Nov. 2016.
> Ravitch, Diane. "Zvaunoda Kuziva NezveZvondo Zvose Dhidzo." Huffington Post . TheHuffingtonPost.com, 03 Dec. 2013. Web. 07 Nov. 2016.