Zvidzidzo zvinotsanangura kusiyana kwemawere nemaonero anofanirwa kuenzaniswa nemajeni.
Unotsanangura sei zvakafanana mapatya asingatarisi zvakafanana? Izvo zvinyorwa zvemaana akafanana ndeokuti ndizvo zvakafanana: zvinotarisa zvakafanana, zvinopfeka mukufananidza zvipfeko, zvinowanzofanana nezvinodiwa uye zvisingadi. Vabereki vemapatya akafanana vanoziva zvakasiyana, zvakadaro. Pasinei nekugoverana kwavo kwemajini, zviyero zvakafanana ndezvevanhu vakasiyana.
Kunyange zvazvo vachigovana zvakafanana, ivo vanewo kusiyana kwakasiyana.
Semuenzaniso, vana vangu vanogara vachiratidza nezvemazana makumi maviri nemashanu kubva muzana zvakasiyana mukurema kwavo. Apo vakanga vari vacheche, vachiyera mapaundi mana nemashanu, zvakanga zvakajeka. Pane dzimwe nguva sezvavanokura, hazvisi kuonekwa. Takavimbisa kuti ivo vakangofanana mapatya, asi vanhu vanowanzoramba vasina chokwadi nekuti "hava" kutarisa.
Havaiti zvakafanana kana. Mumwe anofarira kutamba; mumwe anofarira kutamba basketball. Zvechokwadi, tinovakurudzira kuti vatsvake zvavanoda ivo, asi chido chekutanga chezvinhu izvi chaiva chavo pachavo.
Ndezvipi Zvakafanana Maviri?
Izvozvi, kana kuti monozygotic , mapatya anomera kubva kune rimwe chete / mbeu inosanganiswa inoparadzanisa mazuva mashomanana mushure mekuberekwa. DNA yavo inotangira kubva kune imwe chete, saka maitiro avo emagetsi akafanana uye maitiro anotsanangurwa nemajini achafanana.
Monozygotic twins nguva dzose inomukomana mumwe chete, kunze kweiwo zvisingawanzoitiki zvechiremera chromosomal.
Kune rumwe rutivi, hama, kana dizygotic , dzakawanda dzinoumba apo mazai maviri akaparadzana anogadzirwa nemajeri akasiyana mune imwe yenyuchi. Havasi zvimwe zvakaenzana kupfuura chero hama ipi zvayo yakagadzirirwa, kugoverana ne50% yezvisikwa zvavo zvekuberekwa muhutano hwakasiyana-siyana hwemajini kubva kuvabereki vose.
Kusiyana kwezvakatipoteredza
Kunyange zvazvo mapatya akafanana akaumbwa nechigadzirwa chakafanana chemajini, kukura kwevanhu hakusi kungofanana nemafuta. Nharaunda yacho inewo simba. Saka, kutanga mumamiriro ekutanga echibereko, kunze kwezvinhu zvinogona kuchinja maitiro emapatya. Somuenzaniso, mamwe monozygotic mapatya anowanika pasi. Rimwe jaya rinogona kuva nehuwandu hunobatsira kune iyo placenta, kugamuchira kutanga kwezvibereko. Iyi mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kukonzera kusiyiswa kwehukuru pakati pevana, mutsauko wepanyama unoramba uchikura sezvavanokura. Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS) chimwe chiitiko chinokanganisa maviri muchibereko uye chinogona kukanganisa kubudirira kwavo.
Kunyange zvazvo mababa akawanda achikura mumamiriro ezvinhu edzimba imwechete, pane mamiriro ezvinhu akawanda anoita kuti kusiyana kwevana kuonekwa, hupenyu hwavo, uye zvido zvavo. Sezvo mapatya achisvika pamakore ekuyaruka, angatotanga kutsvaga kugadzira unhu hwakasiyana-siyana kuitira kuti ave nehuzivi hwemunhu oga.
Epigenetic Kusiyana
Masayendisiti akapa tsanangudzo itsva yekusiyana pakati pemapatya. Epigenome inotaura nezvemakemikari chaiwo ekugadzirisa mukati memunhu we genome (genetic material). Sezvo nenyaya iri muNew York Times inotsanangura, "vanoita sejeni rakafanana negasi rinoputika kana kuti rakareka, richiratidza kuti rakakwirira kana rakaderera basa."
Chidzidzo chakaitwa neboka revatsvakurudzi veSpain National Cancer Center kuMadrid rakagumisa kuti, nepo mapatya maviri akaberekwa ane epigenome imwechete, mapurogiramu epigenetic avo anotanga kusiyanisa sezvavanokura. Kusiyana kunowedzera sezvo mapatya ari kurarama kwenguva refu uye achipedza nguva yakawanda ari oga. Masayendisiti akapa mitsara miviri kuti atsanangure ichi chiitiko. Kutanga, iyo epigenetic marashiro inobviswa zvese kana vanhu vachikwegura. Chechipiri, kuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza kunochinja maitiro epigenetic marks.
Mune imwe nyaya yeWashington Post, Dr. Manel Esteller, mumwe wevatungamiri vekutungamirira, akati "zviitiko zviduku zvisati zvaitika asati aberekwa angangodaro akazvidavirira kune zvakawanda zviduku zvakasiyana-siyana mukuonekwa, unhu uye hutano hwemajaya maduku."
Tsvakurudzo iyi inokosha nokuti kuchinja kwe epigenome kunogona kunge kuri kukonzera kukura kwezvirwere, sekenza. Zvinotarisirwa kuti kuongororazve epigenome mumapatya akafanana kuchabatsira vatsvakurudzi kuti vataure zvinhu zvinokonzera kenza.
Kuenderera mberi Nokutsvakurudza Zviratidzo Hazvisiri Zvechokwadi
Chimwe chidzidzo chakabudiswa mumagazini yaMarch 2008 yeAmerican Journal of Human Genetics inopazve tsanangudzo, kunyange yakaoma pfungwa yakagamuchirwa yokuti maana mapatya ane zvakafanana mazita ezve genetic. Tsvakurudzo yakawana kuchinja kwerudzi rweDNA pakati pezvakafanana mapatya, zvinoratidzwa muna Copy Number Variations (apo gena riripo mumakopi akawanda). Tsvakurudzo haina kusimbisa kana izvi zvikaitika panguva yekukura kwekuberekwa kana semakore mapatya.
Kutsvakurudza kwakakosha nokuti mishonga yakawanda yehutano inogona kuchinjwa nekopi nhamba dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakadai seA autism, AIDS, uye lupus.
Sources:
Bruder, C., uye al. "Phenotypically Concordant uye Inononoka Monozygotic Twins Ratidza DNA dzakasiyana-siyana-Copy-Number-Variation Profiles." American Journal of Human Genetics , March 3, 2008, p. 763.
Fraga, M., et al. "Epigenetic kusiyana kunomuka panguva yeupenyu hwemonozygotic mapatya." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , July 2005, p. 10604.