Polio chirwere chekare.
Kunyange zvazvo yekutanga chirwere cheporiyo chemazuva ano chinofungidzirwa kuti chakaitika muna 1887, apo masero 44 akaudzwa muStockholm, kuSweden, chirwere cheporiyo chingangodaro chakavapo kare kare muna 1580 BC.
Mhando ye enterovirus, chirwere cheporiyo chinowanzokonzera zvirwere zvisina zviratidzo kana zviratidzo zvakanyanya kwazvo, kusanganisira pasi-grade fever nehuro.
Vamwe vana vanogona kuwedzera zviratidzo zvinotyisa zvechiriyo , zvisinei, kusanganisira avo vane:
- Nonparalytic aseptic meningitis - vane hovha yepamusoro-fever uye chirwere chepfungwa nehukutu hwemutsipa, kumashure, uye / kana makumbo, uye kuwedzerwa kana kunzwa kusina kujairika, kunogona kugara kwemazuva maviri kusvika kune gumi
- Chirwere chepachirema - vane fever yepamusoro-gwara uye chirwere chinorwadza, uye shure kwemazuva gumi nemasere gare gare, vanogona kukura zvakadzama tendon reflexes, zvakanyanya musumbu aches, uye masaisai emisimba, yakatevedzwa nekuderera zvakadzika tendon reflexes uye flaccid kuparara. Vamwe vevana ava vane utera husingagumi uye kupera simba uye chirwere cheporiyumu chirwere chinouraya mune zvinenge 2 kusvika ku10% zvezviitiko.
Polio yakarova nheyo yayo muUnited States muna 1952, apo paive nenzvimbo dzinopfuura 21 000 dzechirwere chekushaya mutezo.
IUnited States yave isina chirwere cheporiyo kubva muna 1979. Kudengenyeka kwekupedzisira kwaive pakati peboka risingazivikanwi reAmish mune dzimwe nyika dziri kuMidwest.
Poriyo Mishonga
Zvechokwadi, kwaive kuve kwekutanga kwezvirwere zveporiyo zvakagadzirisa zvirwere zveporiyo mushure mokunge 1952 uye zvakatibatsira kubvisa kupararira kwakawanda kweporiyo.
Mushonga weSalk, chirwere chisina kushandiswa cheporiyo, chakapiwa mvumo muna 1955. Izvi zvakateverwa nekuiswa kwepakutanga kuvhara Sabin, muromo, kurarama kweporiyo, muna 1961.
Zvirwere zvose zveporiyo zvine simba uye utera hwavo:
- chirwere cheSabin chinopa hutachiona hwehupenyu hwose kurwisa chirwere cheporiyo, kusanganisira kubatwa kwepamuviri, uye kuraswa kwehupenyu hwehutachiona (attenuated), iyo inogona kubatsira nehutachiona hwemagariro evanhu, asi chirwere chinogonawo kukonzera chirwere-chinokonzerwa nehutachiona hweporiyo (VAPP) uye chirwere cheporiyo chakawanikwa
- Ikoko chirwere cheSalk chinopa kudzivirirwa kwakanyanya kurwisa chirwere cheporiyo mushure memazi matatu, kunyanya chirwere cheporiyumu (intestinal immunity haina kunaka), uye sezvo isiri chirwere chinorarama nehutachiwana, hachigoni kukonzera chirwere-chinokonzerwa nechirwere chepachiviri kana chirwere cheporiyo chakawanikwa
Apo chirwere cheporiyo chinonyanya kufanana (chakachengetedzwa pamatambudziko ose matatu echirwere cheporiyo) chakatangwa muna 1963, chakatsiva chirwere cheSalk muUnited States.
Shanduro yakasimbiswa yeS vaccine yakatangwa muna 1987 uye yakaenderera mberi kuti ichinje chirwere cheporiyo munyaya dzakawanda dzakabudirira dzakange dzabvisa poriyo nekuda kwekunetseka pamusoro pemishonga-yakabatana nehutachiona hweporiyo (VAPP).
Paunotarisa simba rekudzivirira chirwere cheporiyo, kunyange zvakadaro, zviri nyore kuona kuti sei inoshandiswa apo iwe uchiri kuedza kuwana chikamu cheporiyo pasi pesimba munzvimbo. Nenzira yakawanda, chirwere cheporiyo chinonyanyisa chinodhura uye chinonyanyisa kupa vana, sezvo hachidi kupfura.
Chirwere-Yakabatana Nechirema Chirwere
Chirwere chechirwere chechirwere chinokonzera chirwere chemapurisa (VAPP) chinoitika apo chirwere chisina simba chinorarama poliovirus mumuviri wemuromo weporiyo chinoshandura uye chinokonzera mumwe munhu, kana kuti kushamwaridzana zvikuru, kukura zviratidzo zveporiyo yakaoma mitezo.
Iko kuchinja kunowanikwa mumutsipa weumwe munhu akagamuchira chirwere cheporiyo chiromo, kazhinji mushure mekutanga kwemuti uye kazhinji kune vanhu vane zvirwere zvezvirwere zvezvirwere.
Nenzira yekuti, VAPP haitungamiri kumapapiro epolio uye inowanzoshamisika, inongowanikwa mushure mokunge inenge mamiriyoni maviri nemamiriyoni emamiriyoni emiromo yeporiyo inopiwa.
Kunyange zvakadaro, izvo zvakaguma sematambudziko mashanu kusvika ku10 muUnited States, uye kamwe apo poriyo yakabviswa muUnited States, chikwata-chekuita mari chakanga chisingafariri zvakare chirwere cheporiyo. Apo vana voga voga vaiwana chirwere cheporiyo vaiwana chirwere-chakabatana nehutachiona chirwere chekushaya muviri yakava nguva yekugadzirisa chirwere cheSalk.
John Salamone akazova mutsigiri wekushanduka ikoko. Mwanakomana wake, David, akawana VAPP mushure mekutora chirwere chake cheporiyo muna 1990. Panguva iyoyo, chirwere chinorarama, muromo weporiyo chakanga chichiri chikamu chechikamu cherongwa hwehutano hwehuduku.
Kubva muna 1977, mushumo weIOM "Kuongorora kwePoliomyelitis Vaccines" yakataura kuti "nhanho shanu dzematongerwo enyika dzakasarudzwa dzichiendeswa kuUnited States mumamiriro ekuma 60-70 muzana yehutachiwana hwave hwasvika." Izvi zvinosanganisira kushandisa OPV chete, IPV chete, uye kusanganiswa kwezvirwere zvose, nezvimwewo. Kuderedza zvirwere zvakaratidzika kuva chinhu chikuru pakukurudzira mazano okuenda neOVV chete panguva iyoyo.
Sezvo nguva yakapfuura, zvakava pachena kuti kuchinja kuPV kwaidiwa, asi kutya kuchinja chirongwa chakange chichishanda zvakanaka kwenguva yakareba uye zvichida kusava nechokwadi kuti kuchinja, kusanganisira kuwedzera kuwedzerwa kupiwa kwechirwere chisina kuvharwa munguva shomanana, akachengetedza nyanzvi dzehutano kubva pakuzviita kusvikira muna 1997. Sangano rekuvhara chirongwa chePV / OPV rakazoshandurwa zvakajeka kuva purogiramu yese-IPV muna 2000.
Chirwere-Chinoitwa Poliovirus
Kunyange zvazvo zvinonzwika zvakafanana neVAPP, maronda-akawanikwa nemaronda epoliovirus akasiyana zvakasiyana.
Mushonga-wakagadziriswa nepoliovirus (VDPV) uyewo unotarisana nemararamiro ekuchinja kubva kune vasina simba (attenuated) anorarama mishonga inonzi poliovirus mumushonga wemuromo weporiyo uye inogona kukonzera zvirwere zvekushaya mitezo, asi inokurudzirawo kukwanisa kupfuurira kupararira uye kukonzera kuparara.
Izvi zvinopararira kana kupararira mishonga yemakemikari-yakabva poliliovirus (cVDPV) inofadza chaizvo. Kana zvikaitika, ndezvikonzero kuti vanhu vakawanda munharaunda havagoni kupora chirwere cheporiyo, sezvo kuvhara kwepamusoro kunodzivirira kurwisana neCVDPV, sokudzivirira kwavanodzivirira pamaronda epachiyovirus epachikara.
Mazuva ano kubuda kwechirwere-yakagadziriswa poliovirus kwakaitika mu:
- Mari
- Ukireni
- Naijeriya
- Madhagasika
Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti kunyange zvazvo 580 maitiro eporiyo akaitika mushure mokunge 20 kubuda kweCVPDV pasi rose kubva muna 2000 kusvika muna 2011 uye kune 15 500 mhuka dzeporika dzomumapurari panguva iyo, chirwere cheporiyo pacharo chakadzivirira mamiriyoni mashanu emhosva dzechirwere cheporiyo!
Zvechokwadi, pasina zvirwere zveporiyo, hatingave neVAPP, VDPV, uye cVDPV, asi tinodzokera kumashure apo mazuva anopfuura 500 000 vanhu gore negore vakawana chirwere cheporiyumu.
Post-Polio Syndrome
Post-polio syndrome ndeimwe izwi ravanoziva nezvekudzidza kweroriyo.
Kufanana nevana vanopora kubva kumasese uye vova nehutano hwekuwedzera subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), post-polio syndrome ndeyekupedzisira kwechirema cheporiyumu.
Inenge 25 kusvika ku40% yevaya vaiva nechirwere cheporiyumu vanogona kutanga zviratidzo zvitsva makore 15 kusvika makumi maviri gare gare. Zviratidzo zvekupedzisira-polio syndrome zvinogona kusanganisira kurwadziwa kwemasimba matsva, kushaya simba kwemasimba matsva, uye kunyange kuora mutsva. Kana kuti vangave vaine kuwedzera kwepakutanga musimba utera.
Post-polio syndrome hazviitiki mushure mokuwana chirwere cheporiyo chinorarama.
Zvaunoda Kuziva nezvePolio
Zvimwe zvinhu zvekuziva nezveporiyo zvinosanganisira izvo:
- Kuvandudzwa kwehutsanana uye kuchengetwa kwetsvina hazvina kukonzera kuti chirwere cheporiyo chipararire, sezvo vamwe vanopesana vacillory theorists vachikakavadzana. Panzvimbo peiyo, chirwere cheporiyo chakashanduka kubva pamwero wakakura, kubata vana vakawanda pavakanga vachiri vacheche uye vachiri kudzivirirwa kubva kumadzimai ekuberekwa vana, kune chirwere chepachirwere, sevanhu vashomanana vakazarurirwa uye vakagadzirirwa utachiona pavakanga vaduku.
- Kune zviro zvitatu zvakasiyana zvakasiyana zveporiyovirus (WPV). Kuzvidzivirira kwepanyama kunopa hutachiona hwehupenyu hwose kune serotype chaiyo yeporiyo yawakatapukirwa nayo.
- SV40 kusvibiswa muzvigadzirwa zveporiyo zvepakutanga kubva muna 1955 kusvikira muna 1961 hazvibatanidzi nehuwandu huwandu hwekenza.
- Chirongwa chekudzivirira chirwere chinosanganisira zvirwere zvina zvekudzivirira chirwere cheporiyo mumwedzi miviri, mwedzi mina, mwedzi 6 kusvika ku18, uye chirwere chinokonzera makore 4 kusvika ku6.
- Chiitiko Chekucheka chinoreva chinetso chekudzivirira chirwere cheporiyo chakagadzirwa naCetter Laboratories chakanga chisina kushandiswa zvachose, zvichiita kuti chirwere cheporiyo chirema muvana vanenge 200 nevana gumi muna 1955.
- Pakave nemakore makumi manomwe nemakumi manomwe emakemikari anokonzerwa nekudzivirira immunodeficiency-yakabva poliovirus (iVDPV), iyo munhu ane chirwere chisingawanzwi chekudzivirira zvirwere zvemuviri anoenderera mberi kukonzera poliovirus mushure mekudzivirira, kazhinji kusvika kumwedzi mitanhatu. Kunyange zvazvo kusvika kune zvinomwe zvezviitiko izvi zvave zvichizivikanwa kuti inoderedza chirwere chemakore anopfuura mashanu, kusanganisira imwe ine hutachiona husingawaniki hutachiona (CVID) yave ichidurura chirwere-yakagadziriswa poliovirus kwemakore 28, ichi hachina kufungidzirwa kuti inowanzoita kuparadzira chirwere cheporiyo kune vamwe.
- Nemhaka yeVAPP neVDPV, pachava nehuwandu hwepasi pose-kubva pamuromo weporiyo mushonga uye kuchinja kune chirwere chisina kujeka cheporiyo kusvikira chirwere cheporiyo chiri kuparadzwa zvachose. Nyika dzinowanzosati dzashandurwa kune imwe nguva-IPV chirongwa chekudzivirira kusvika vasati varatidzira kurwara kwepamusoro uye chiitiko chekutengeswa kweporiyo yakashata iri pasi. Uye munguva pfupi ichange ichine kuchinja kune chirwere chinonzi bivalent oral polio (bOPV), kubvisa rudzi rwechipiri rwechirwere, kuderedza dambudziko reVAPP uye cVDPV. Pakazosvika May 2016, chirwere cheporiyo chinokonzerwa nomuromo (tOPV) chisingazoshandiswi kushandiswa, sezvo tichazoshandura kushandisa IPV neBOPV.
- Hakuna mushonga weporiyo.
- Kuwedzera kune chirwere cheporiyo, mamwe maitiro ehutachiona hwehutachiona hunokonzerwa nekushaya zvirwere, chirwere chinonzi rabies, Guillain-Barre syndrome, West infection virus, zvirwere zvakanyanya myelitis, uye myasthenia gravis, nezvimwewo. kunyange kana kuti inogona kusiyaniswa kubva pachiriyo mune dzimwe nzira.
Chinonyanya kukosha, zivai kuti chirwere cheporiyo chiri pedyo nekudzingwa. Ropa 1 chirwere chinoramba chichiguma munyika nhatu chete, Afghanistan, Nigeria nePakistan, uye zviitiko zveporiyo ndezvenguva yakazara. Paiva nezviitiko makumi matatu nemakumi matatu nezviviri zvehutachiona hweporiyovirus munyika dzakashata uye dzisingagumi muna 2014. Zvinotonyanya kukosha ndezvokuti, maitiro epolio egore negore muna 2015 ari pasi pezvaaive panguva ino muna 2014 nemhando dzevirusi zvepachiviri 2 (yekupedzisira nyaya yaiva muna 1999) uye 3 (nyaya yekupedzisira yaiva muna 2012) chirwere cheporiyo chakaita sechibviswa.
Dzidza. Wana chirwere . Dzoka Kuputika.
Sources:
CDC. Kubudirira muHuzhinji Hwehutano, 1900-1999 Kushandiswa Kwemakemikari Yvesayenzi Inorayirwa Vana - United States, 1990-1998. MMWR. April 02, 1999/48 (12); 243-248.
CDC. Epidemiology nekudzivirira kweHIV-Zvidziviriri Zvirwere. Bhuku Rakawomesa: Bhuku Rokunyora - 13th Edition (2015)
Dunn G. Makore makumi maviri nemasere ePoliovirus Kudzokorora muAnonymous Fitting Individual: Zvakaitika pa Global Polio Eradication Initiative. PLoS Pathog 11 (8): e1005114.
Zvirwere (Shanhatu Edition)
Yakareba. Nheyo uye maitiro ehurwere Zvirwere zvinopindirana (Fourth Edition)