Mukana weAn anti-vaccine wakatanga rini?
Zvichida kushamiswa kune vanhu vazhinji kuti kune nguva dzose mave nekurwisa-kupindira. Haisi chinhu chitsva chakasikwa naJenny McCarthy naBob Sears.
18th Century Anti-Vaccine Movement
Muzvokwadi, sangano rinopesana nekudzivirira rinowanzogadzirisa mushonga wokutanga .
Kuongorora kwekutanga kwaEdwin Jenner nekuvhara kwechibhokisi kwakatanga muna 1796.
Kunyangwe izvi zvisati zvadaro, kushandiswa semhando yekudzivirira chibhokisi chikaitwa kwemazana emakore munzvimbo dzakawanda dzenyika, kusanganisira Africa, China, India, uye Ottoman Empire.
Kutaura zvazviri, Onesimo, muranda wake weAfrica, akadzidzisa Cotton Mather pamusoro pemhinga muna 1706.
Madzimai Mary Wortley Montagu vakaunza inoculation kuEngland, vaziva pamusoro pemutambo muTurkey. Sezvo achikurudzira vamwe kuvhara uye kuchengetedza vana vavo kurwisa chibhokisi, kusanganisira Royal Family, paive nekukakavadzana kukuru. Zvinonzi "Pro-inoculators vaida kunyora mumatonho akanaka uye echokwadi akakurudzirwa neRoyal Society, uye nguva dzose vachikumbira kugadzirisa, kufambira mberi kwemazuva ano kwemazuva ano uye kukudzwa kunogara pakati pevanhu vakuru.An anti-inoculator akanyora zvakanyorwa semasasa, achishandisa kutsamwa kukuru uye nyaya dzinotyisa dzinotyisa kukurudzira paranoia. "
Ndizvo here izvo chirwere chokutanga chinopikisana ?
19th Century Anti-Vaccine Movement
Pakupedzisira, chirwere cheEnglish Jenner chechibhokisi chakatsiva kuparadzaniswa.
Kunyange zvazvo izvi zvaive zvakachengetedzeka zvakanyanya kudarika tsika yekare uye chibhokisi chakanga chichiri muurayi mukuru, pakanga paine avo vakaramba.
Zvakawanda zvekumanikidzwa zvinogona kunge zvakasvika nokuti kuwana chirwere chechibhokisi mu UK muzana remakore rechi19 chakanga chiri chemhosva-iwe waifanira kupora vana vako kana iwe waizobhadharwa, uye mari yaive yakawanda.
Bumbiro reAnti-Vaccination rakasikwa nguva pfupi mushure mekufamba kweChito reChito re 1853.
Rimwe boka, reAn anti-Compulsory Vaccination League, rakatangwa mushure mekufamba kweChitcination Act ye1867, iyo yakawedzera nguva yezvinodiwa yekuwana chirwere chechibhokisi kubva pamwedzi mitatu kusvika pamakore gumi nemaviri.
Ikoko kwakanga kune anti-vaccination leagues muUnited States, zvakare.
Kuti ivo vakazviti "anti-vaccine" ndeimwe yezvakasiyana zvakasiyana pakati pemapoka aya uye sangano remazuva ano rinorwisa zvirwere.
Mapoka anorwisa zvirwere muzana remakore rechi19 anowanzoti:
- vakati zvirwere zvingakuita kuti urware
- vanopomerwa mhosva yezvokurapa, "chakaoma, zvinhu zvenyama, chinhu chisina kutendeka" pakusika zvirwere
- akanyeverwa nezvemakemikari ane chepfu muzvirwere, zvinonzi carbolic acid muchirwere chechibhokisi
- akati chirwere cheJenner chechibhokisi hachina kushanda
- kusundira nzira dzokurapa dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira vanyengeri, homeopaths, uye hydropaths, nezvimwewo.
- vakashandisa mabhuku avo kuti vatye vanhu kure nemishonga
Vakatombova nevamwe vanozivikanwa vachibatanidza sangano rinorwisa-vachengeti, kusanganisira George Barnard Shaw, uyo aidavirawo muimba yepabonde uye eugenics.
20th Century Anti-Vaccine Movement
Maitiro eAn anti-vaccine haana kuchinja zvakawanda muma19 uye kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20.
Zvichida hazvishamisi zvikuru, sekutevera kwaJenner chirwere chechibhokisi, zvingava makore anenge zana asati apihwa chirwere-chirwere chaLouis Pasteur kurwisa rabies muna 1885.
Uye yaive makore anopfuura 50 Hondo yeAmerican Academy yePediatrics yakabvumidza kushandiswa kwemushonga we pertussis (1943).
Mumakumi emakore mashomanana anotevera, mamwe anokosha emishonga yatinoziva mazuva ano akavakwa, kusanganisira chirwere cheDPT, zvirwere zveporiyo, uye MMR, nezvimwewo.
Zvechokwadi, sangano rinopesana nekuvhara ropa rakange richirarama uye rakanaka panguva ino, achishandisa nzira imwe chete.
Muna 1973, John Wilson naMal Kulenkampff vakashuma pamusoro pevana makumi mashanu vakaonekwa makore gumi nematanhatu kuchipatara chevana vanorwara muLondon. Akataura nezvekubatana kwehutano hwepfungwa mumaawa 24 ekutanga evana vachiwana DPT yavo shoma, kunyange zvazvo boka rake risina kuona vana vacho kwemwedzi kana makore gare gare.
Muna 1974, vakataura zvakawanikwa makumi matatu nemaviri zvevana ava muChitupi cheDaases muChidiki .
Sezvakaita mushumo wekupedzisira weWakefield, kuparidzirwa kwevhidhiyo kwechidzidzo ichi chiduku kwakaita kuti kutya kwezvirwere uye kuderedza zvirwere zvekudzivirira. John Wilson akaonekwa kunyange pa "Vhiki iyi," iyo nguva yeTV yakaratidzwa muUnited States. Migumisiro yacho yakanga isingatarisirwi. Mukuwedzera kune kuputika kukuru muEngland, pamwe nematambudziko anokwana zana nemakumi matatu nemakumi matatu evanhu vakafa, pane kuparara kwemapurisa nekufa muJapan, Sweden, uye Wales mushure mekudzidza uku. Pertussis kufa muUnited States vangangodaro vakafanirwa, kunyange zvakadaro, uye dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti nhamba chaiyo yekufa kwevana yaiva pedo ne600.
Apo vanhu vazhinji vanofunga kuti Lea Thompson's "DPT: Vaccine Roulette" muna 1982 yakabatsira kusika sangano remazuva ano rinorwisa-vaccine, rinofanira kunge rakajeka kuti vamwe vaiva neruoko.
Iyi yakavawo nguva iyo Dr. Robert Mendelsohn, uyo akazviti "chiremba heretic" uye mumwe wevashandi vekutanga vezvokurapa vana, akave asina kunyanyisa pakunyora "The Medical Time Bomb of Immunization Against Disease" uye achiita denderedzwa pahurukuro zviratidzo zvezuva. Mendelsohn zvakare aipikisa kuwedzera fluoride kumvura uye "kuyanzvirwa kwepamusoro pamapurisa, kubhadhara mvumo yezvokudya, uye kuongorora maitiro ekuongorora kenza yemazamu."
Lea Thompson's show yakakurudzira Barbara Loe Fisher nevamwe vashomanana kuti vagadzire boka reVabereki vasina kugutsikana pamwe (DPT). Uye kubva ipapo takawana bhuku rake, "Shot in the Dark," iro rakave rakakosha zvikuru kuna Dr. Bob Sears, uye pakupedzisira kugadzirwa kweNational Vaccine Information Center.
Uye sezvo zvikamu zve "DPT: Vaccine Roulette" yakatomhanya munyika yose paNhasi Show , zvinogona kunge zvakakonzera vanhu vakawanda.
Zvadaro zviya zvinopomerwa kuti chirwere cheDPT chakakonzera SIDS . Uye kuti chirwere che hepatitis B chinokonzera SIDS. Barbara Loe Fisher aiva pakati pezvizhinji zvezvipomerwa, kunyange kupupura pamberi peCongress.
Uye kunyange zvazvo iye akanga asingazivikanwi wekutanga kupikisa vachengeti, iyi ndiyo nguva (1990) apo Lisa Bonet weChristmas Dukurumbira akaenderera mberi paThe Donahue Show uye akati zvirwere "zvinogona kuunza zvirwere zviduku mumaropa evana vedu uye kwenguva refu, migumisiro inogona kunge isingakoshi kana kuti inogona kuva yakaipa zvikuru-uye inogona kungova kuora mwoyo kana kuora mwoyo kana kushaya matambudziko kana kuti vanogona kuva nekenza, leukemia, multiple sclerosis, kamwe-kamwe kanzvadzi kufa syndrome.Iyo inotyisa uye inotyisa zvikuru, uye ini funga nokuti ndainzwa ndisina kururama kuita izvi ... Ndokusaka ndisina kuzviita iwe unoziva kuti tinofanira kufungisisa kaviri. Unoziva nei vana vedu vachiwana zvirwere izvi? "
Makore mashomanana gare gare, muna 1994, matsi okutanga Miss America akaiswa korona, pamwe naamai vake vachipa mhosva chirwere cheDPT nokuda kweveve matsi. Kungofanana nedzimwe nyaya dzakawanda dzekupora-kukuvadza, nhau yaHeather Whitestone yakanga isiri iyo yakaratidzika. Nyanzvi yake yepamusoro yakakurumidza kusvika mberi uye yakagadzirisa rekodhi-yakanga iri matsi nekuda kwehupenyu hunotyisa hweHib meningitis uye chirwere chinotevera chinonzi antibiotic ototoxic. Zvakatora mazuva akawanda kuti vhidhiyo vashandise nyaya yakarongeka, zvakadaro.
Akaberekwa muna 1973, yaizove mamwe makore gumi nemashanu zvisati zvatanga kugadziriswa kweHib uye yakatanga kupiwa vana. Chirwere cheDPT, chisati chaonekwa kuti chinokonzera matambudziko ekunzwa, chakanga chisina chokuita nekutinhira kwaHeather Whitestone. Zvechokwadi hazvina kumisa mapurogiramu anorwisa vachengeti kubva pakushandisa nyaya yake yokutanga uye nyaya yekubudisa nhau kutyisa vabereki pamusoro pemishonga, kunyange zvakadaro.
Izvi ndezvenguva imwechete iyo Katie Couric akaita chikamu pane NBC News inoratidza Iye zvino naTom Brokaw naKararen Couric pamusoro peDPT "majenya anotyisa."
Asi, hongu, zvinhu hazvina kufamba mumutambo wemazuva ano wokurwisa zvirwere kusvikira musangano wekudhinda wa 1998 weAndirene Wakefield, apo akati "ndiwo manzwiro angu, kuti njodzi yeiyi iyi syndrome inobudirira yakabatana kune chirwere chakabatanidzwa, iroMMR, panzvimbo pemishonga imwe chete. "
ABC ndeye 20/20 kunyange vakapindira pamusana pekudzivirira zvirwere zvisina kufanira, kukwidza "mibvunzo mitsva yakakura pamusoro pemishonga yevana vakawanda inomanikidzwa kuwana" mune yavo yechikamu chepfumbamwe "Ndiani Anodana Kudhinda?"
Vatapi venhau havana kutora shanho huru muchokwadi chokuti:
- ruzhinji rwezvimhosva muEngland izvo zvakauyiswa zvinopesana nevakagadziri vezvirwere zveDPT vachiti vanoita kuti vana vave nekukuvara uye kuora kwehupi zvose zvakawana kuti zvirwere zveDPT hazvina kukonzera kukuvara kwepachivi
- mushumo weIOM muna 1991 wakagumisa kuti uchapupu hahuratidzi hukama huripo pakati peDPT neSIDS uye kwakanga kusina uchapupu hwakakwana hwokuratidza ukama hwepakati pakati peDPT uye kukuvara kwechirwere chisingaperi uye zvimwe zvinetso zvakawanda
- mhaka dzakawanda dzinonzi vaccine encephalopathy yechipiri kune chirwere cheDPT chakanga chave chichikonzerwa ne Dravet syndrome
Iko inofanirwa kufungidzirwa "kushandiswa kwevhidhiyo" izvo zvavasina kugadzirisa zvose zvisiri izvo muChino Roulette chiduku.
21st Century Anti-Vaccine Movement
Mapoka anorwisa-vaccine muzana remakore rechi21 haasi yakasiyana zvikuru neanofananidza ne 19th Century. Ivo vachiri:
- vanoti majekiseni achaita kuti urware
- inopomerwa Big Pharma
- inyevera pamusoro pemakemikari ane chepfu uye chepfu muzvirwere, kunyange zvazvo vachienderera mberi kuchinja maikemikari avanoshungurudza pamusoro, vachifamba kubva ku thimerosal kuenda ku formaldehyde nealuminium , nezvimwewo.
- vanoti chirwere cheJenner chechibhokisi hachina kushanda uye hachina kana chimwe chezvimwe zvacho
- shandisa mamwe maitiro ezvokurapa, kusanganisira vanyengeri, homeopaths, chiropractic, naturopaths, uye mamwe mahedheni akazara
- vanoshandisa mabhuku avo kuti vatye vanhu kure nemishonga
Imwe misiyano ndeyokuti panzvimbo pevanhu vashomanana vanonyora mapepa nemishonga yavo yekurwisa-vaccine, sezvavakaita muBoston muna 1721, zvino munhu wese anogona kusvika kune vakawanda vanhu nekutanga mawebhesi kana bhurogi, kutumira mumabhodi emashoko, kunyora bhuku , kana kutambira paTV, nezvimwewo.
Chimwe ndechokuti kunyange kupfuura kwekupedzisira kwema2000, taona kusimudzika kukuru kuvabereki vevhiringidzi vevhidhiyo pamusoro pemishonga mumakore ekupedzisira gumi kana gumi nemashanu, kusanganisira:
- Jenny McCarthy pana Larry King Live
- Holly Pete pa Larry King Live
- Jenny McCarthy pane Oprah muna 2007
- Jenny McCarthy mumagazini in Time muna 2009
- Matt Lauer anobvunzurudza Andrew Wakefield paDateline muna 2009
- Katie Couric uye HPV muna 2013
- Barbara Loe Fisher achitaura nezve "Vakamanikidzwa Kuvhara" paLou Dobbs muna 2009
- Matt Lauer neawa yake yakareba Dateline episode, A Dose of Controversy, naAndrew Wakefield pachake
- Robert DeNiro paNhasi Ratidza muna 2016
Iyi ndiyo nguva yatakaona kusimudzirwa kwevatauriri vezvirwere vanorwisa vachengeti uye vachengeti vepandering.
Uye tinofanira kunge takavaona vachiuya. Takanga tisingasviki nevhiki mugore ra2000 apo Cindy Crawford akaonekwa paGood Morning America nemukurumbira wezvokupa vana, Dr. Jay Gordon.
Asi chii chakasiyana chaizvo nhasi? Kunyange zvazvo huzhinji hwevanhu vachiri vachakonzera vana vavo, masumbu evana vasina chinangwa asina kuvharwa ari kunyanya kuwedzera. Uye ndeye masumbu aya evana vasina kuvharwa uye vanhu vakuru vari kutungamirira kukumuka kwezvirwere zvezvirwere-zvinodzivirirwa zviri kuoma zvakaoma kuzvidzora.
Chimwe chinhu chingave chakasiyana ikozvino ndechekuti vanhu vakawanda vakanamatira kuChechi ndiyo musangano mushonga weMedineine. Kubva pamamber necklaces nemafuta anokosha kumakwikwi emitambo uye "homeopathic" mishonga "mishonga" pamapurisa emapurisa, zvinhu izvi zvinowirirana pamwe nesangano remazuva ano rinorwisa vachengeti.
Pamusoro pekuputira vana vevana vanoita zvisingaenzaniswi, mubereki-vakasarudzwa, vanonoka kuchengetedza zvirongwa zvekudzivirira zvirwere, isu iye zvino tine chiropractors akawanda uye akawanda, naturopaths, vanachiremba vevana vose, uye vana vanobatanidza vana vanogona kupa zano kumubereki kuti adzike zvirwere zvachose. Uye naDkt Oz paTV vachitsvaga mhando dzemhando idzi dzemishonga yakakwana paTV zuva rega rega, zvichida inoita sechinhu chakanaka kuita.
Zuva guru remishonga yemishonga yemishonga iyo inoshandisa zvose kubva pakudya kwezvokudya kune zvekurapa mazano ezvokurapa inopawo fodya yakawanda yevanorwisa vaccine vanhu. Vamwe vazhinji vanotya kutya nezvemakemikari, saka hazvishamisi kuti zvingava nyore kutya vabereki pamusoro pemishonga.
Asi zvakadaro, zvakakosha kuchengeta mupfungwa kuti zvinhu izvi hazvina kuitika, ndeyekuti kushandiswa kwepuro-vaccine kwakava bhizinesi guru. Kubva kutengesa mavhithamini, kuwedzera, e-mabhuku, e-mafundo, nemishonga yakakwana yekusimudzira mitemo mitsva inovimbisa kuti vana vanogona kugara vasina chinangwa vasina kudzivirirwa uye vasina kudzivirirwa, ivo ndivo vanotaura zvishoma.
Chokwadi, izvozvo hazviiti kuti zvive zvakanaka.
Wana Dzidzo . Wana Vaccidzwa . Dzoka Kuputika .
Sources:
> Offit. Kusarudza Zvakaipa.
Zvirwere (Shanhatu Edition) 2013
Wolfe RM. Anti-vaccinationists akapfuura uye zvino. BMJ. 2002d; 325: 430-432.