Zvinoreva, Kutanga, Nhoroondo, uye Ramangwana re "Test Tube Baby"
Izwi rinoreva mutsara in vitro "mukati megirazi." Iri ndiro izwi rechiLatini, iro rinowanzoreva chimwe chinhu chiri kuitika murairaresi. Izvi zvinopesana nemu vivo , izvo zvinoreva mukati memuviri (kana chaizvoizvo, "mukati mevapenyu").
In vitro fertilization , inonyatsozivikanwa seAVF , inobatsira teknolojia yekubereka iyo inoshandiswa kubereka panzvimbo yebasa pane mukati memuviri.
Kubvira pakaberekwa mwana wekutanga we IVF muna 1978, in vitro fertilization yakapa tariro kune mamiriyoni evanhu vakaroorana vasingagoni kubata mwana mune imwe nzira.
Nhasi, IVF inowanikwa- yakadhura -kurapa kubereka.
Anofungidzirwa mamiriyoni matanhatu emamiriyoni makumi mana nemashanu (IVF-pregnant) akaberekwa munyika yose. Pasi pe5% varwere vanobereka vanoda IVF. Izvozvo zvinonzi "test tube babies" zvine utano uye zvakajairika sezvinowanzoberekwa vana.
Asi hazvina kunge kare kare kuti IVF yakanga iri yeruzivo rwemazuva ano, yakakavhiringidza, uye kunyange isina kutenderwa.
In Vitro Fertilization Inoshanda Sei?
Heino tsanangudzo pfupi kwazvo yezvinoitika panguva yeVIVF:
Mukadzi anotora zvinodhaka , izvo zvinoita kuti kuve nekuwedzera kweoocyte (kana mazai) mumayamu. Izvi zvinoitika kwemazuva mazhinji.
Zvadaro, mazai akakura acho anobviswa kubva mudumbu rega (zvichibva kuna amai vakatarwa kana kubva kune vanoita mazai.
) Izvi zvinoitwa nesirinho rinotungamirirwa ne ultrasound.
Murairi, mazai akadzorerwa anowanikwa pamwe nehuta (kubva kuna baba vakatarwa kana kubva kumunhu anopa mhodzi.)
Iza nehuta zvinounganidzwa pamwe chete mune petri dish, pane tariro yekuti chirume chemajeri chichazadza mazai evha. Nhengo yesero yakasikwa inonzi "embroyo".
Izvozvo zvinokonzerwa nemukomana zvino zvinokura kwemazuva mashomanana mubasa. Izvi zvinoitwa pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akachengetedzwa zvakanyatsonaka.
Zvadaro, imwe kana mbiri yemakwenzi anopa utano inotamirwa kune amai vakatarwa (kana kuti chibereko chechibereko). Chero hupi hupi huri humwe huri huno huri hwakaoma kune hupenyu hwemangwana.
Tariro, kubata kuchaguma. IVF kubudirira mazinga akanaka, asi pamuviri hausi chivimbo.
Iwe unogona kuwana tsanangudzo yakadzama yezvino maitiro eVF pano:
Chii "Test Test Tube?"
"Test tube baby" izwi rinowanzoshandiswa nevezvemashoko kureva vana vane mimba ne in vitro fertilization (IVF) .
Pasinei nezita racho, "test tube babies" haisi kuumbwa mumuchina unoedza. Miviri yekutengesa haisi chikamu chemazuva ano eIVF zvachose.
NeAVF, zamai inosungirwa mune petri dish. (Kwete chirwere chekuedza.) Apo embryo iri pakati pemazuva matatu nemashanu, yakatamirwa kumubereki.
Kuti zvive zvakajeka, embryo haisi kukura kuva fetus mubasa. Izvo pfungwa ndeyedzimwe nzvimbo yesayenzi fungidzi. Imbryo inotamirwa inoungana masero ehupenyu uye ari kusimukira - kwete izvo munhu angafunga nezvazvo se "fetus."
Izwi rokuti test tube mwana rakatanga kushandiswa muma1930s. Zvadaro, yaishandiswa kureva kushandiswa kwemaitiro - kwete IVF.
Insemination yekugadzira iyo iyo inenge yakashambadzwa semenji inopindurwa zvakananga mumuviri wechikadzi nemukati. Iyo in vivo fertilization - mumuviri - uye kwete mu vitro , mubazi, saVF.
Kutaura kwekutanga kwemazwi okuti "test tube baby" inowanika mubhuku rakabudiswa muna 1934 naPanurge Press, rakanyorwa naDkt Hermann Rohleder.
Bhuku racho, rakanzi Test Tube Babies: A History of the Artificial Impregnation of Human Beings , rinorondedzerwa se, "kusanganisira nhoroondo yakazara yehutano hwayo, pamwe chete nezvakaitika pane zvakaitika mumakiriniki, kuongorora mabhuku, uye kurapwa uye zvemutemo zvakabatanidzwa . "
Bhuku iri rinotaura nezvekuvhara maitiro, kwete IVF. IVF yakanga isati yatangwa.
Apo mazai ekutanga evanhu aifungirwa kunze kwemuviri muna 1944, izwi rokuti test tube mwana yakatanga kureva vana veVIV.
Louise Joy Brown, mwana wekutanga wevana veVIV, achiri kuwanzi kunzi "yekutanga test tube" mwana. (Zvimwe pamusoro pake pasi.)
Vakawanda vari munyika inobereka vanofunga kuti izwi rinokuvadza uye risina kukodzera nekuda kwezvakaipa, sci-fi mifananidzo iyo inogumira.
The History and Controversy of In Vitro Fertilization
Nzira yekuenda kuchipatara yeVIV yakareba uye yakaedza.
Kuvonga kushingaira nekusimbiswa kwemasayendisiti ekutanga uye vanachiremba, teknolojia ye in vitro fertilization inowanikwa nhasi.
Kutanga In Inorro Fertilization Inotora Mahara muRabbi
Muna 1934, Dr. Gregory Pincus akabudirira kubereka mazai emaruva mubasa. Haana kushandisa sarume dzevarume muchiito.
Achishandisa chirongwa chinozivikanwa sa parthenogenesis, aikwanisa kutora mazai kubva kumarabheji evakadzi, kumanikidzira kusanganisa mazai kuburikidza nemakemikari zvinoreva, uye ozoendesa mazai anogadzirwa mumusana wechikadzi.
Basa rake rakakonzera kukakavara kukuru uye kufunganya. Kuedza uye kushamwaridzana kwakaipa kwakamuita kuti arasikirwe neHarvard University.
Asi havasi vose vakaona basa raDkt Pincus sechinhu chisina kunaka. Vamwe vakaona tariro uye vakavimbisa.
In Vitro Fertilization Kuedza Nemagetsi Evanhu
Muna 1937, Dr. John Rock akatumira hurukuro isati yasarudzwa kuNew England Journal yeMishonga inonzi "Ndeipi mhando yevakadzi vasingabereki vakavhara mabhute," vachirumbidza mikana ye in vitro fertilization kuvanhu.
Muna 1938, Dr. Rock akarovedza Dr. Pincus 'mhizha rekare - Miriam Menkin.
Miriam Menkin naDkt. Pincus vakashandisa makore matanhatu anotevera vachiedza mu vitro fertilization yevanhu vevha.
Pakati pekutsvakurudza kwavo, vakaunganidza 800 ovha yevanhu uye vakaedza kusimudza 138.
Pakupedzisira, mukati megore ra1944, Pincus naMenkin vakasarudza kuwedzerwa nguva yakawanda egg uye mbeu zvaiva pamwe chete mu petri dish.
Vaizogona kugona kubudirira mazai mana. Havana kuedza kuendesa mazai aya akabatanidzwa mumuviri wechikadzi.
Kakavhiringidza uye Kuwedzera Ongororo Pamusoro Pokugadzirwa Kwemai Evanhu
Muna 1949, Papa Dius XII akarambidza kubereka kunze kwemuviri.
Asi izvi hazvina kumisa kufambira mberi.
Muna 1951, Dr. Landrum Shettles akaedza kudzokorora Dr. Pincus 'kufungidzira mazai evanhu mubasa. Akanga akabudirira.
Dr. Shettles aikwanisawo kuchengetedza mazai akaberekwa ari mupenyu uye achikura kusvikira musi wechitanhatu. (Zuva rechitanhatu nderekuti mucheche unowanzozviisa mukati mechigadziko cheu uterine.)
Akaenda kunoparidza Ovum Humanum , bhuku rakange rine mifananidzo inopfuura 1 000 yeii revanhu pazvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuvandudza.
Dr. Robert Edwards 'Anotanga IVF Research
Munguva iyi, muEngland, Dr. Robert Edwards akanga achiedza in vitro fertilization nemashizha mazai. Akanga akabudirira uye aida kuita zvakafanana nemazai evanhu. Akaedza kwemakore asi asina ruzivo.
Muna 1965, Dr. Edwards akaenda kuAmerica, kwaakaonana naDoctors Howard naGeorge Jones paJohn Hopkins University.
Dr Howard Jones akanga ari chiremba wokuberekera , achirapa kusabereka chirwere. Mudzimai wake, Dr. Georgeanna Jones, akanga ari nyanzvi yekupedzisira yekubereka vana. Akaratidza kusabatwa nevana vasina nzira dzokuvhiya.
Dr. Edwards akaudza Jones nezvetariro yake yekuwana nzira ye in vitro fertilization kune vakaroorana vasingakwanisi kutora zvimwe.
IJones 'vakabvumirana kumubatsira, uye pamwe chete, vakabudirira kubereka munhu ovum.
Kuwedzera Kakavhiringidzika, Kutungamirirwa Nokufambira Mberi
Mushure mokudzokera kuEngland, Dr. Edwards aida kuedza kuendesa mazai akaberekwa zvakare mubereki remukadzi.
Ndiko apo Dr. Edward akasangana naPatrick Steptoe.
Dr. Steptoe akanga atanga chirongwa chekare chokuvhiya chinonzi laparoscopy . Iyi ndiyo nzira yekuvhiya uko kusanganisa kuduku kunoitwa mudumbu, uye kamera uye zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa kuburikidza nekukanganiswa.
Kuburikidza ne laparoscopy, mazai evanhu vakura anogona kubviswa kubva kumakumbo emukadzi. Izvi zvingave zvisingasviki zvishoma pane zvimwe zvokuvhiya panguva iyoyo.
Dr. Jones akaudza Dr Steptoe nezvekurota kwake kweVIV. Vakasarudza kushanda pamwechete.
Kudzoka kumhenderekedzo yegungwa, muAmerica, American Medical Association yakanga ichirwisana neVF. Vakasimbisa kuti tsvakurudzo inobatanidza "mhuka dzomukomana" dzinofanira kumira.
IAmerican Fertility Society yaifunga zvakasiyana.
Zvadaro zvichitungamirirwa naDeorge Georgeanna Jones, AFS yakataura kuti kutsvakurudza kwei in vitro fertilization inofanira kuramba ichienderera mberi .
Uye zvakaitwa. Asi nekuenderera mberi kukakavara uye pangozi kune vanachiremba vanobatanidzwa.
Kuedza Kwokutanga paIVF Treatment Kunokanganisa
Dr Shettles akagara akatsunga kuunza munyika yekutanga in vitro mwana akaberekwa. Doris naDkt. John Del-zio vakazvipira kuti vave vabereki vekutanga veVIV vachibatsirwa naDkt Shettles.
Doris naDkt. John Del-zio vakatambura nekushaya vana kwemakore mashanu. Bhuku rakaputika rakasungirirwa rakange raita kuti dzivhare fallopian tubes muDoris. Akanga aita zvitatu akaedza kugadzira mapiritsi ayo uye maitiro matatu ekuedza kushandiswa. Hapana yemishonga yakabudirira.
Dr. Shettles akati IVF inogona kunge iri mhinduro inogoneka uye yakabatsirwa kubatsira.
Zvisinei, yunivhesiti yaDkt. Shettles yakanga isingazivi nezvezvirongwa zvake. Chaizvoizvo, akanga ari kurwisana nemirayiridzo yakananga yevatongi vake. Akasarudzawo kusava nehanya nemitemo yehutano pakutsvakurudza kwevanhu.
Musi waSeptember 12 th , 1973, Dr. Shettles akadzorera mazai kubva kuDoris, chirume kubva kunaJohani, ndokuvaisa pamwechete mugirazi yegirazi.
Zvadaro, akaisa chidimbu mumubatanidzwa, uko akaronga kuichengeta kwemazuva mashomanana kubvumira kubereka nekukura kwekuberekwa.
Asi vasati vasangana uye kushandiswa kwemukomana kunogona kuitika, mumwe wevamwe vaDkt. Shettles vakarondedzera kuedza kwake kusingabvumirwi.
Mhangura yacho yakabviswa kunze kwekudzivirira nguva refu, uye Dr. Shettles akatarisana nemuedzo wake weVIVF. Mikana yekuti mwana wekutanga weVIV ainge arasikirwa.
Mukufamba kwenguva, Dr. Shettles akamanikidzwa kusiya basa rake paK Columbia-Presbyterian.
Kutanga Kuberekwa kweVIVF Kunoitika muEngland
Kudzokera kuEngland, muna 1975, Dr. Edwards naDkt. Steptoe vakazopedzisira vawana hutachiwana hweVIV hwakabudirira.
Asi kubata kwaiva ectopic - embryo yakaiswa mu fallopian tube - uye pamuviri wakaguma mukupererwa.
Panguva ino, muAmerica, zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda zvekutsvakurudza kweVIV zvakaiswa panzvimbo.
Mipiro yehurumende yakanga isina kubvumirwa kushandiswa nekuda kwe "fetal research" (iyo inosanganisira kushandiswa kweVIVF) kunze kwekuti chidzidzo chekutanga chakatenderwa neNational Ethics Board.
Asi sezvo bhodhi iri risingazogadziriswa zviri pamutemo kusvikira muna June 1978, kufambira mberi kwakasvika pfupi pfupi.
Yokutanga IVF Mwana Anoberekwa uye Anoberekwa
Kudzokera kuEngland, Dr. Edwards naDkt Steptoe vakaramba vachiedza kurapa kwaVIV.
MunaNovember 1976, Lesley naJohn Brown vakasangana naDkt Steptoe.
Lesley's fallopian tubes akavharwa. Dr. Steptoe akaudza vaBrown kuti in vitro fertilization inogona kuvabatsira. Vakabvuma kurapwa.
Musi waNovember 10 th , 1977, Dr. Steptoe akadzorera mazai kubva kuLesley Brown mavhiriki kuburikidza nekuvhiyiwa kweparoscopic. Achishandisa John Brown's sperm, Dr. Edwards akaisa mazai nemhando pamwe chete mune petri dish, uye kubereka kwakabudirira kwakaitika.
Mushure memazuva maviri, mushure mokunge mucheche wakaberekwa wakadzoserwa zvakare muchibereko cheLesley.
Kuberekwa kwakaitika uye kwaive kubudirira!
Musi waJuly 25 th , 1978, Louise Joy Brown - nyika yekutanga yeVF mwana - akaberekerwa muchikamu chechipiri. Akange ane mapaundi 5, 12 ounces.
Utano hwakanaka, hunofadza, uye hunowanikwa.
Tariro yeAn IVF Baby muAmerican Returns
Gore iroro, muAmerica, Dr. Georgeanna naHoward Jones vakatora chikoro kubva kuJohn-Hopkins University. Vakasarudza kutamira kuNorfolk, Virginia kuzarura kliniki yekubereka .
Pazuva rekuzvarwa kwaLouise Joy Brown, mutori wenhau akabvunzurudza Dr. Howard Jones muNorfolk. Mutori wenhau akabvunza kana mwana weVIV aigona kuitika muAmerica.
Dr. Jones akapindura kuti zvaive zvakakwana, zvose zvaidiwa mari yaiva kuita kuti zviitike.
Dr Jones gare gare akagamuchira foni kubva kune mumwe aimbova murwere wekubereka anopa mari yekuzarura kliniki yekutanga yeVF muAmerica.
Asi nguva yakawanda yaizopfuura mwana weVIV asati aberekerwa muU.SA.
Mamwe IVF Vana Vanozvarwa uye Vanoberekwa Munyika Yose
Kakavhiringidza kwakaramba kuchimuka ndokupinda munzira yekuongorora in vitro fertilization uye kufambira mberi muAmerica.
Apo izvi zvaive zvichiitika, kumativi ose enyika, vana va IVF vana vakanga vasvika.
Musi waJanuary 4 th , 1978, Alastair MacDonald akaberekwa - wechipiri IVF mwana uye wokutanga IVF mukomana.
Musi waJune 23 rd , 1980, mwana wekutanga weAustralia IVF akazvarwa - Candice Elizabeth Reed.
Musi waOctober 2 nd , 1981, mwana wekutanga weVIV akazvarwa nevabereki veAmerica akasvika - asi kurapwa uye kuberekwa kwakaitika muEngland. Zita rake ndiSamantha Steel.
MuAmerica, Jones "vakaramba vachirwisana kuti vakwanise kuzarura uye kutungamirira kliniki yavo yeVF.
Yokutanga American In Vitro Mwana Anosvika!
Pakupedzisira, mushure mokubvisa matambudziko akawanda ezvematongerwe enyika, chirongwa chekutanga cheAmerican IVF chakavhurwa musi waMarch 1, 1980.
Mugore rokutanga mushure mekuvhara, Jones akaedza 23 IVF embryo inopfigirwa muNorfolk, VA. Havana kubudirira.
Munguva iyi, kuMassachusetts, Judy naRoger Carr vakanga vari kutambura kubata pamuviri.
Nhoroondo yaCarr isingabatsiri yakatanga nehutumbi hwakakurumidza kusvika asi hwakaguma nokukurumidza zvakare. Kutanga kwavo kwekutanga kwakange kuri ectopic, uye Judy akarasikirwa nerimwe remhando yake yekutakura. Vakaedza kutora pamuviri zvakare, vakaberekwa nekukurumidza zvakare, asi vakawana imwe ectopic pamuviri. Judy akarasikirwa nechipiri chechivi chedu.
Kubata pamuviri kwakange kusingakwanisi zvachose.
Apo Judy aive achidzoka kubva pakuvhiyiwa, akagamuchira kabhuku kaitiriniki yeVIV muNorfolk, VA. IVF yakanga isingangowanikwa muMassachusetts panguva iyoyo, yakanga iri pamutemo zvakare.
VaCarrs vaitaura naJones uye vakakokwa kuti vauye kumakiriniki avo eVF. Vakapfuurira neAVF kurapwa.
Musi waApril 17 th , 1981, Judy's egg fertilized was transferred into her womb. Yaiva kubudirira.
Pakupedzisira, musi waDecember 28 th , 1981, pa7: 46 mangwanani, Elizabeth Jordan Carr akaberekwa nenzira yechipfuva. America yekutanga IVF mwana.
Utano hwakanaka, hunofadza, uye hunowanikwa.
In Vitro Fertilization Ipapo Vs. Iye zvino
Iyo nzira yeVIV inotarisa zvakasiyana nhasi nhasi kupfuura iyo yakaita apo yakatanga kugadzirwa.
Vokutanga veVIVF vaitarisirwa kugara muchipatara munguva zhinji yekurohwa kwavo. Kuti vaone mazinga ehomoni, vaifanira kuunganidza zvose zvemuti wavo.
Iye zvino, IVF varwere vanogona kuva pamba uye kushanda. Havasisina kukosha kuunganidza urini yavo yose. Basa reRopa rinoshandiswa kuongorora mazinga ehomoni. Varwere veVIV vanodikanwa kupinda mumakiriniki anobereka nguva dzose nokuda kwebasa reropa uye majekiseni. Asi kurapwa hakusi kweve-round-the-clock.
Mumazuva okutanga eVIV, apo mahomoni avo akaratidza kuvhara, mazai evha aifanira kurongerwa maawa 26 gare gare. Izvi dzimwe nguva zvaireva kuita chirongwa mukati meusiku.
Nhasi, mishonga inobereka inoshandiswa inoshandiswa kutonga apo hutachiona hunoitika. Izvi zvinobvumira kuronga mazai evha pane mamwe maawa akawanda ezuva. Inobvumirawo vanachiremba kuti vave nehutungamiri huzhinji hwehutano hwekuvhura, kuwedzera mikana yekubudirira.
Pakutanga, kuwanikwa kweii kunoda kuravhirwa kusingaiti. Laparoscopy yaidiwa. Iyi ndiyo nzira yekuvhiya uko kusanganisa kuduku kunoitwa mudumbu, uye kamera uye zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa kuburikidza nekukanganiswa.
Nhasi, seni rinotungamirirwa ne ultrasound rinoshandiswa kutora mazai. Izvi zvakanyanya kuderera, zvisina ngozi, uye zvinosanganisira nguva shoma yekudzorera.
Ramangwana Rinogona Kuitika reVIV: In Vitro Fertilization Iye zvino Mu Vivo ?
Zvimwe zvitendero zvinopesana nemafungiro ekudyara kunze kwemuviri.
Nzira yeGIFT, yakagadzirwa naDkt. Shettles muna 1979, inobvumira kubereka kuti kuve mukati memuviri. Asi iyo nzira inoparadza uye haina hukuru hukuru hwehuwandu.
Izwi rokuti gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) nzira ndeyekuita kurapa kwakangofanana neVFF. Mariri, mukadzi wacho anowanzotora mishonga yekuita kuti aite mavhavha. Mazai ayo anobva adzorerwa kubva kumapapiro ayo kuburikidza nesimbi inotungamirirwa ne ultrasound.
Asi zvakasiyana neVIVF, kubereka kweii hakuiti munzvimbo. Pane kudaro, zamai nehuta zvinoshandiswa kune fallopian tubes , uko kunowedzera kunowanzoitika.
Nekuda kwekubudirira kwehuwandu hwehutano uye kusaderedza kwehutano, GIFT haigoni kuitwa nhasi.
Chishandisirwo chekombiyuta itsva chinogona kuita hutano mukati memutumbi unowanikwa kune vose veVF mazano.
Chigadzirwa chinonzi AneVivo chirikudziridzirwa iye zvino muUnited Kingdom. Yakagamuchirwa kubva kune Human Fertilization uye Embryology Authority (HFEA) munaSeptember 2015.
Vatsvakurudzi vanobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa chitsva vanoda kuti hutano hwembryo hunogona kuvandudzwa zvakare kana embryo inopedza nguva shomanana mubasa uye nguva yakawanda mumamiriro echisikiro emuviri.
Iyo nzira itsva inosanganisira kuisa mazai nemasero emumukati mukati memuduku. (Iyo capsule inenge imwe masentimita yakareba uye imwe mamita mita yakafara.)
Iyi capsule inobva yaendeswa mubereki kwemaawa makumi maviri nemaviri. Munguva ino, tarisiro, kubata kuchaitika.
Mushure meiyo yakatemwa nguva, capsule inobviswa. Vanachiremba vanozarura iyo capsule uye vanosarudza mazai ane utano kuti adzokere kumubereki.
Hazviiti chete iyo teknolojia itsva ingagadzirisa zvinetso zvechitendero (kune vamwe), inogona kupawo nzvimbo yakasikwa yakasikwa yekuita pamuviri.
Izvo zvichabvumirawo vakadzi ruzivo rwekubata kunoitika mukati memuviri wavo.
Zvimwe pane kurapa kweVIV nhasi:
- Nzira dzeVIV, Dambudziko, Mari, uye Kubudirira Mari
- IVF Inotora Mari Yakawanda Sei?
- Nzira 7 Dzokubhadhara uye Uwane Cash yeVIV
- 17 Zvingasarudzwa zveMutano Wekusaziva
- Zvinokonzera Infertility
- Kubudirira kwevanhu Eki
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Test Tube Vana Vana: American Experience. "Muenzaniso: History of In Vitro Fertilization." Http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/babies/